Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Chapter 31

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Dependent on sex hormones  Males—testosterone  Females—estrogen, FSH, and LH  Sexual differentiation in utero  Homologous structures  Gonads  Ducts Mesonephric Mesonephric Paramesonephric Paramesonephric

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Negative feedback system  Present at term pregnancy  Gonadostat responds to placental estrogen  Release of GnRH

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Puberty  8 to 12 years of age gonads produce more sex hormones  Begins with thelarche and ends with menstrual period in females  Begins with voice changes and ends with mature sperm in males

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Puberty  Adrenarche  Decreased gonadostat sensitivity  Positive feedback system between LH, FSH, and GnRH

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Female Reproductive System  External genitalia (vulva)  Mons pubis  Labia majora  Labia minora  Clitoris  Vestibule

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Female Reproductive System  External genitalia (vulva)  Introitus Hymen Hymen  Lesser vestibular glands (Skene glands)  Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)  Perineum  Perineal body

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. External Genitalia (Vulva)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Internal Genitalia  Vagina  Uterus  Cervix  Fallopian tubes  Ovaries

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Internal Genitalia

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Uterine Position

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Internal Genitalia

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Ovary

Follicle Development

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Female Sex Hormones  Estrogens Review Box 31-1  Estradiol (E2)  Estrone  Estriol  Progesterone  Androgens

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Menstrual Cycle  Menarche  Menopause  Phases  Menstruation (menses)  Follicular/proliferative phase  Luteal/secretory phase  Ischemic/menstrual phase

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Menstrual Cycle

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Female Reproductive Cycle Cycle

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Menstrual Cycle  Ovarian cycle  Uterine phases  Vaginal response  Body temperature change

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Fertilization

 External genitalia  Testes Produce gametes and sex hormones Produce gametes and sex hormones  Epididymis Vas deferens Vas deferens  Scrotum  Penis Glans and prepuce Glans and prepuce Male Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System Development

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Internal genitalia  Ducts Vas deferens and ejaculatory Vas deferens and ejaculatory  Glands Seminal vesicles Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Bulbourethral glands Male Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Internal Genitalia

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Spermatogonia  Primary spermatocytes  Secondary spermatocytes  Spermatids  Sertoli cells Spermatogenesis

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Spermatogenesis

Male Reproductive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Androgens  Primary androgen—testosterone  Produced mainly in the Leydig cells of the testes  Testosterone Sexual differentiation Sexual differentiation Urogenital system development Urogenital system development Nervous and skeletal tissue development Nervous and skeletal tissue development Libido Libido Male Sex Hormones

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Breast  Modified sebaceous glands on the ventral surface of the thorax  Female breast  Nipple  Areola  Glands of Montgomery

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Breast  Male breast  Until puberty, male and female breast development is similar  Without the sufficient influence of estrogen and progesterone, the male breast does not develop any further

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Breast

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Breast

Structure and Function of the Breast

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Aging and the Female Reproductive System  Perimenopause  Ovarian, uterine, and systemic changes Vasomotor flush Vasomotor flush  Menopause  Breast tissue, urogenital, skeletal, and cardiac changes

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Perimenopausal Hormone Transition

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Aging and the Male Reproductive System  The male’s reproductive capacity is longer than the female’s  There is not an event comparable to menopause  Decreased erectile and ejaculatory function

Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Aging and the Male Reproductive System  Testes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften  Decreased levels of testosterone; gonadotropins increase