KINGDOM MONERA

Monerans The most successful organisms on earth Longevity - bacteria have been around for 4 billion years Bacteria can reproduce every 15 minutes Bacteria live anywhere and everywhere

There are more bacterial cells living in your body than you have body cells! Wash your hands before eating lunch!

Tip of Thumb Tack! GROSS!

Why are Monerans so successful? Monerans have a Prokaryotic cell structure Without monerans, life could not exist Monerans …. Recyclers / Decomposers At the bottom of the food chain Provide a large portion of Earth’s oxygen

All living organisms are descended from Monerans

Monerans are Prokaryotic Monerans do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles Monerans are very small (10-50x smaller than a typical human cell but larger than viruses)

Moneran Structures Cell membrane Cell wall(s) DNA (and sometimes a second piece of DNA called a PLASMID) Ribosomes Cytoplasm Flagellum and/or pili Sketch the drawing in your notes (or page 361 in your text)

What are bacteria good for? Making yogurt Cleaning up oil spills Help digestion Waste management Producing vaccines

Classification of Monerans 4 Main Phyla Eubacteria Ex: E.coli, streptococcus Archaebacteria Known for living in extreme environments Cyanobacteria Photosynthesis (pigment: phycocyanin) Prochlorobacteria Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

PHYLUM EUBACTERIA Means “true” bacteria Cell membrane and wall Mobile forms have 1 or more flagella

PHYLUM ARCHAEBACTERIA Have different ribosomes, membranes and cell walls than Eubacteria Can live in extremely harsh environments Some are ANAEROBIC (do not require Oxygen) Anaerobic bacteria are found in places such as digestive tracts of animals. These archaebacteria are called Methanogens because they produce Methane Gas. They are also found in thick mud and salty lakes

Moneran cell shapes Rod shape BACILLUS Spherical shape COCCUS Spiral shape SPIRILLUM Draw each shape

Number of cell walls How can you tell how many cell wall layers a bacterium has? Gram staining (by Hans Gram) – uses 2 dyes: safranine (red) and crystal violet (purple) 1 layer cell wall will stain purple (Gram +) 2 layer cell wall will stain red (Gram -) This is important when deciding what type of antibiotic to use!

Gram staining

Movement Some do not move Some have 1 or more Flagella Some Glide on slime Spiral shaped bacteria spirals or lashes around

Obtaining energy 1. Autotrophic Chemotrophic autotroph – uses inorganic material to make food Phototrophic autotroph – uses light to make food 2. Heterotrophic Chemotrophic heterotroph – taking in organic material as food (Salmonella) Phototrophic heterotroph – can make own energy but also have to take in organic materials

Salmonella poisoning

Methods of producing cellular energy Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration – requires oxygen to survive) “obligate aerobes” Food+O2 -> cellular energy Fermentation (anaerobic respiration - no oxygen required to survive) “obligate anaerobes” Food -> cellular energy “Facultative anaerobes” (can survive with or without oxygen)

What is a Petri dish used for? What kingdom does Bacteria belong to? What is a culture? A group of growing bacteria What is a thermophile? An organism that thrives in extremely hot environments What is a Petri dish used for? Used to collect and culture bacteria What kingdom does Bacteria belong to? Monera