1 Innovation and Change It’s harder than you think! AISWA March 2005 Bryn Jones ICTPD.NET

2 Let’s look at some role models What the world needs now- Is teachers like this:

3 Innovation and change It seems that using computers in education is about the same as any other kind of innovation. Growing new wine grape varieties. Cloning sheep. Buying mobile phones. Using text messaging.

4 Change is difficult (esp. in schools) It usually takes longer than expected. It usually costs more than budgetted. People vary greatly in their adoption of innovations.

5 Innovation takes 50yrs It usually takes 50 years for a new innovation to become mainstream That’s 20 years to get the technology right and establish standards Another 30 years to be universally accepted and have a major impact on society.

6 Examples of the 50yr rule Macinnis cites as examples: the printed book, the telegraph, railways, television, cinema, air travel, automobiles and The computer is just coming up for its 50th birthday and the Internet is 37 but has only been graphical since 1995!

7 How old is the mouse? When was the first video conference? 1968

8 Innovation and Change Research has identified the following categories of people Innovators - 2.5% Early Adopters % Early majority - 34% Late majority - 34% Laggards - 16%

9 Innovators - 2.5% Not trusted by majority Seen as different or deviant Little influence on others They have lots of resources Leave them alone Link them up with outside agencies Don’t give them any money!

10 Early Adopters % Technically competent Socially accessible Well respected Seen as sensible users of new ideas Likely to change others after they’ve changed Provide them with opportunities and resources

11 Early majority - 34% High level of interaction with colleagues Not usually in leadership positions Good interpersonal networks More careful and cautious Once convinced, ideas will spread quickly Encourage them to participate in collaborative exploration.

12 Late majority - 34% More sceptical Limited resources Change only as a result of economic necessity or strong peer pressure Promote changes to them as normal and expected Don’t force, embarrass or frustrate them Keep making opportunities available

13 Laggards 16% Traditional, cautious, focussed on the past See the world through a rear view mirror Only change when system demands it Treat with patience Try to see their point of view Keep providing opportunities as “normal” or Wait for retirement, transfer, pregnancy or death Good leadership can help with some of these!

14 Where are We Now? If we can agree on some definition of “regularly make use of ICT in the classroom”, then where are we now in this innovation cycle? Innovators - 2.5% Early Adopters % Early majority - 34% Late majority - 34% Laggards - 16%

15 Innovators/Recyclers? When we think about all kinds of innovation in education or anywhere else: About 13% innovate and the rest follow. For teachers that often means recycling or re-using someone else’s material or ideas: Photocopies Text Books OHPs Spirit Duplicators Web sites Why would we expect ICT in education to be different?