Competency 2: Physical Science

Obj. 2a: Chemical Equations FRONT  NaCl H20H20  C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2  CO 2 N2N2  CH 4 BACK  (table salt) or (sodium chloride)  (water)  (sugar/glucose)  (oxygen gas)  (carbon dioxide)  (nitrogen gas)  (methane) 1 question

Obj. 2a: Conservation of Mass  Law of conservation of mass:  matter cannot be created nor destroyed, therefore the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products

Obj. 2a: Balancing Equations  What would you have to put before the O 2 on the reactant side in order to balance the equation ? CH 4 + __ O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O Put answer on back

2.a. Balancing Equations  Zn + 2HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2  How many hydrogen molecules will be produced if there is 1000 HCl molecules in the reactant side of this balanced equation?  Show the work on the back.

Obj. 2.a. Photosynthesis and Respiration Respiration 1 question oxygen + sugar carbon dioxide + water + energy 6O 2 + C 6 H CO H 2 O

Obj. 2.a. Photosynthesis and Respiration Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water + sunlight oxygen + glucose 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O 6O 2 + C 6 H question

Obj. 2.b. Periodic Table  Properties of Metals and nonmetals  Nonmetals: on the right side of the periodic table in groups starting at the staircase  Insulator  Brittle

Obj. 2.b. Periodic Table  Properties of Metals and nonmetals  Metals: on the left side of the periodic table in groups  Malleable  Good conductors  Ductile

2.b. Types of Bonds  Ionic: between a metal & non-metal  Ex. NaCl Group 1 bonded to group 17

2.b. Types of Bonds  Covalent: between two non-metals  Ex. CO 2 Group 14 bonded to group 16

2.b. Important Groups Front  Group 17  Group 3-12  Group 1  Group 2  Metalloids- Groups question Back nonmetal halogens transition metals alkali metals alkaline earth metals touch the staircase & divide the metals from non-metals

2b. Draw an outline of the periodic table. Label the metals and nonmetals.

2b Groups  Vertical columns  Have similar properties  Group Number = number of valence electrons 7 N Nitrogen Group 15

Obj. 2.b. Acids H+H+  Bond with nonmetals  HF weakest acid, HI strongest acid Less reactive, weaker bond, Stronger acid More reactive, stronger bond, weaker acid

Obj. 2.b. Bases  OH - (Hydroxide)  Bond with metals  Ex: NaOH, MgOH, NH 3  React with acids to form water and a salt

Obj. 2.b. Periodic Table  Oxidation: when a substance reacts with oxygen  Examples:  Rusting (iron oxide)  Food spoiling  Burning (fast oxidation)

Obj. 2.c. Motion  Speed formula – s=d/t  Constant velocity: no change in motion (balanced force)  ex. 50mi/h for an hour

2.c. Speed Graphs Draw the graph on the front and label on the back. Constant speed Constant Speed

2.c. Speed Graphs Draw the graph on the front and label on the back. Speeding up

2.c. Speed Graphs Draw the graph on the front and label on the back. No motion

2.c. Acceleration : change in motion (unbalanced force) ex. Speed up, slow down, change direction speed & velocity are the same  Label each: Speeding up at a constant rate Constant (no acceleration) Slowing down at a constant rate Acceleration graphs- put on separate card.

Obj. 2.f. Newton’s Laws  1 st law (law of inertia): An object at rest will stay at rest. An object in motion will stay in motion.  Ex. Car stops, but your body moves forward  An object in moving in space will continue (comet)

2.f. 2 nd Law of Motion  2 nd law (F=ma) : an object will accelerate in the direction of the net force  Ex. Kick a ball upward and it moves upward  Objects with more mass require more force to move.

2.f. 3 rd Law of Motion  3 rd law (action/reaction): forces always act in equal but opposite pairs  Ex. Swimming, birds flying, rockets

Obj. 2.d. Electrical Energy  AC currents (alternating):  used in power grids  Travel in both directions  Voltage can change with transformers  DC current (direct): only flows in one direction  Used in batteries

Obj. 2.d. Power Grids  Path of electricity through a power grid from high to low voltage  Power plant, substation, transformer, junction box, outlet, microwave  Power can be added to the grid if it is not used by the customer.

Obj. 2.d. Power Grids  Renewable resources: natural resources that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time  Wind  Solar  Hydro  Geothermal  Reduce pollution, but more expensive.

Obj. 2.d. Power Grids  Transformer- Increases or decreases voltage in the power grid

Obj. 2.d. Power Grids  generator- spins a coiled wire inside a magnetic field to produce electric current

Obj. 2e Electromagnetic Spectrum  List the spectrum from longest wavelength to shortest, then label the following information on the spectrum  Infrared: heat/thermal  Radio: communication – lowest energy  Gamma: treat cancer – highest energy  Visible: royGbiv- from (longest to shortest)

Obj. 2.e. Electromagnetic Spectrum  Ultraviolet (UV)  blocked by ozone  damage skin cells, cause skin cancer  can be used to disinfect medical equipment, rid water of bacteria or microorganisms, etc.