The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.

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Presentation transcript:

The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of Botany, Trinity College Dublin.

CONTEXT Forest cover in Rep. of Ireland 10% Aim to increase to 17% by 2030 Plantations of exotic conifers – Sitka spruce 50% of estate Little information on Irish plantation forest biodiversity BIOFOREST project – 5 year Impact of afforestation and forest operations on flora and fauna

Epiphytes Component part of BIOFOREST project Epiphytes of mature and over-mature Sitka spruce and larch (Larix spp.) Main epiphyte groups - lichens, mosses and liverworts Important part of native woodland diversity Little published information © Sylvia Sharnoff

AIMS To assess the diversity of epiphytes in Irish Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations To examine the effects of open spaces within these forestry plantations on this diversity

SW Cluster E Cluster SITES KNOC CLEA REAN MEEN GLAN CARR CURA MUCK STOE BMUT ATHN LUGG SITES

METHODOLOGY 12 mature Sitka spruce sites 1 open space per site - 9 glades - 2 roads - 1 ride N side (S-facing) of open space 1 tree at edge, 1 in forest interior – 24 total

L: 130cm B: 25cm M: 1/3 height of tree U: 2/3 height of tree 25cm x 50cm plots on N & S aspect 20 plots per tree Total: 478 plots 4 branches

RESULTS 1. Geographical clusters – SW vs. E of Ireland 2. Effect of open space - Edge vs. Interior trees 3. Aspect - N and S side of tree 4. Vertical distribution – B to U trunk 5. Horizontal distribution – inner to outer branch

1. Geographical clusters

Species richness (91)(51)(72)

Species richness Total 91 species 26 found in only 1 of 478 plots 35 found on only 1 of 24 trees Only 17 species in more than 5% of plots

Species richness Significant difference in bryophyte spp. richness (p = 0.009) and total spp. richness (p = 0.002) between SW and E

Percentage cover Significant difference in average bryophyte cover (p = 0.033)

Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) Ordination

2. Effect of open spaces

Species richness No significant differences in species richness between edge and interior trees

Percentage Cover No significant differences in average percentage cover between edge and interior trees

NMS Ordination

3. Aspect

Species richness No significant differences in species richness between N & S side of trees

Percentage cover Significant difference in average lichen cover (p = 0.005) and total cover (p = 0.023)

4. Vertical distribution Factors which change with height - Decrease in humidity Increase in light levels Decrease in age/time for colonisation

Bryophytes on trunk

Lichens on trunk

Bryophytes vs. lichens Most bryophytes restricted to or mainly occurring on trunks Exceptions Ulota crispa Frullania dilatata Colura calyptrifolia

Bryophytes vs. lichens Most lichens found only or more frequently on branches Trunk only- Graphis scripta, Cladonia spp. More frequent on trunk- Dimerella lutea Lecanora pulicaris Lepraria incana Parmelia sulcata

Kindbergia praelonga

Hypnum jutlandicum

Metzgeria temperata

Ulota crispa

Hypotrachyna revoluta

Dimerella lutea

5. Horizontal Distribution Factors which change with distance from trunk: Decrease in humidity Increase in light levels Decrease in age/time for colonisation

Bryophytes on branches

Lichens on branches

Hypnum jutlandicum

Metzgeria temperata

Ulota crispa

Dimerella lutea

Fuscidea lightfootii

SUMMARY Significantly greater total spp. richness, bryophyte spp. richness & average bryophyte % cover in SW compared to E Separation of SW and E sites in NMS suggests differences in spp. composition No significant differences in spp. richness and % cover between Edge and Interior trees Some separation of Edge and Interior trees in NMS suggests differences in spp. composition

SUMMARY 2 No significant difference in species richness between N and S side of tree but significantly greater average lichen cover and total cover on S Difference in vertical distribution of bryophytes and lichens with overall bryophyte cover decreasing with height and overall lichen cover increasing Bryophytes more common on trunk and lichens more common on branches with some exceptions

SUMMARY 3 Differences in Vertical distribution of individual species on trunk and Horizontal distribution on branches, probably related to microhabitat requirements

Acknowledgements Dr Daniel L. Kelly, Dr Paul Dowding, Dr George F. Smith, BIOFOREST project, Department of Botany, Trinity College Dublin COFORD (National Council for Forest Research & Development) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)