Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

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Presentation transcript:

Coral Reefs

What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells

Reef Corals (Hermatypic) Anthozoans (no medusa stage) Scleractinian corals = “true” corals Zooxanthellae –Symbiotic dinoflagellates Photosynthesize Help deposit skeleton Most are colonies from founder polyp –Interconnected digestive and nervous systems

Coral Nutrition Zooxanthellae Predation on zooplankton Polyp tentacles Mucus Mesentarial filaments Zooxanthellae Predation on zooplankton Polyp tentacles Mucus Mesentarial filaments

Coral Reproduction Asexual Sexual Some internal Broadcast spawning Asexual Sexual Some internal Broadcast spawning

Corals in action!

Coral Restrictions Light for zooxanthellae (usually best in shallow, clear water) Warm water (but not too warm!!)  F Substrate availability Salinity Sedimentation Pollution and eutrophication Light for zooxanthellae (usually best in shallow, clear water) Warm water (but not too warm!!)  F Substrate availability Salinity Sedimentation Pollution and eutrophication

Coral Bleaching Normal Reef  Bleached 

Fringing Reefs Near shore - more vulnerable to? Reef flat Wide inner area Shallow - may be exposed Reef slope Steep outer area Much richer biologically Near shore - more vulnerable to? Reef flat Wide inner area Shallow - may be exposed Reef slope Steep outer area Much richer biologically

Fringing Reefs

Barrier Reefs Lagoon Separates reef from shore Usually soft-sediment with gentle water Reef flat May form sand cays (keys) Reef slopes Back slope and fore slope Lagoon Separates reef from shore Usually soft-sediment with gentle water Reef flat May form sand cays (keys) Reef slopes Back slope and fore slope

Barrier Reefs

Atolls Ring of reef surrounding central lagoon Indo-West Pacific Ring of reef surrounding central lagoon Indo-West Pacific

Reef Ecology

Nutrient Cycling Symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae Also in sponges, giant clams, others Animal waste Nitrogen fixation (cyanobacteria, symbionts) Currents Symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae Also in sponges, giant clams, others Animal waste Nitrogen fixation (cyanobacteria, symbionts) Currents

Eating Coral??

Competition Sessile animals compete for space and light Methods: Rapid growth Overgrowth Attack (poisons, stinging, digestions) Sessile animals compete for space and light Methods: Rapid growth Overgrowth Attack (poisons, stinging, digestions)

Competition

What about fish? Pre-settlement hypothesis Species present are result of larvae settlement Competition unimportant Post-settlement hypothesis Diversity determined by available niches and competition Pre-settlement hypothesis Species present are result of larvae settlement Competition unimportant Post-settlement hypothesis Diversity determined by available niches and competition

Symbiosis What is symbiosis? Do they have to live together? Obligatory vs. facultative symbiosis Types of symbiosis Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+, 0) Parasitism (+, -) What is symbiosis? Do they have to live together? Obligatory vs. facultative symbiosis Types of symbiosis Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+, 0) Parasitism (+, -)

Mutualism: Anemonefishes Why aren’t they stung? Fish gain protection and place to brood eggs Fish drives away potential predators of anemone, may provide nutrients Why aren’t they stung? Fish gain protection and place to brood eggs Fish drives away potential predators of anemone, may provide nutrients

Mutualism: Cleaning