Microbiology Review Bacteria, viruses, diseases

1. What natural host do we use to mass-produce vaccines? Chicken eggs/embryos

2. Why don’t we have a vaccine for the common cold? Cold virus is always changing/mutating

3. What killed 1/3 of the population in Europe? Bubonic plague Virus or bacteria? BACTERIA (make sure you know your bacterial illnesses versus viral illnesses) Transmitted from fleas on rats

4. What farm animals help cause the mutations in the flu virus? Ducks and pigs The virus gets transferred between species and each time, it changes a little When it gets re-transferred back to that species, it has changed enough that the body doesn’t recognize it and sickness occurs

5. What does CDC stand for? Where is it? Center for Disease Control Atlanta, GA

6. What was the Salk vaccine used for? Polio Virus or bacteria? VIRUS!

7. What did scientists do with mosquitoes they caught in the rain forest, and why? Caught them, froze them, crushed them up into a liquid Inject the liquid into rats Observe how the rats react (do they have any symptoms of an “emerging virus”?) Have found 40 viral strains the world never knew about

8. What causes AIDS? HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Retrovirus (makes DNA copy to inject into a cell. The DNA lays hidden and cannot be targeted by any vaccine (yet!) ) Origin: Mutation of monkey virus (monkey blood used in sacrifices/rituals)

9. What microorganism that makes you sick can you get from undercooked hamburger? E. coli Virus or bacteria? BACTERIA

10. What percent of bacteria is ‘pathogenic’? What is ‘pathogenic’? Less than 1% Pathogenic = causes disease

11. What did Sadam Hussein have that we were so concerned about? Anthrax (biological weapon)

12. This type of bacteria causes one of the most dangerous toxins on the earth Botulinum bacteria – causes botulism

13. What is the specific name for how bacteria reproduce? Binary Fission

14. How often do bacteria reproduce? Every 20 minutes

15. What virus is carried by field mice? Hanta virus

16. Rod shaped bacteria are called? Bacillus (plural bacilli)

17. Spherical bacteria are called Coccus (plural cocci)

18. Spiral bacteria are called Spirilla (plural spirilli)

19. What medical treatment is used to prevent bacterial and viral infections? Vaccine! Get a weakened/dead form of the virus or bacteria Body recognizes it and builds immune response, but you don’t get sick If you encounter it in the future, body has immunity ready to go

20. What medical treatment is taken to kill a bacterial infection? Antibiotic Kills the cells specifically targeted by the antibiotic Some bacteria develop adaptations that protect them from the antibiotic = Antibiotic resistance 

21. The outside of a virus is called: Capsid

22. What is a worldwide epidemic called? Pandemic Name a few pandemics that have occurred throughout history or currently Influenza, AIDS, malaria

23. What disease is associated with the iron lung? Polio Iron lung is a pressurized chamber to help breathing (esp children)

24. Where do you find bacteria? Everywhere Soil, anywhere there is water, the air

25. How many cold viruses do people usually come in contact with in their lifetime? 50 different strains in your lifetime It is an ever-changing virus so although it feels the same each time, you are actually getting a slightly different version of the virus

26. Who discovered the first vaccine? Edward Jenner

27. What was the first vaccine made for? Small pox – how did he do it? Edward Jenner saw that milk maids who worked closely with cows were not getting small pox (cow pox in cows is similar to smallpox) He took pus from blisters of people infected with cowpox and inoculated his own son His son initially showed sickness, but fought it off and never contracted cowpox or smallpox again

28. What piece of equipment is necessary to view a virus? Electron Microscope 7000x magnification

29. What caused the pandemic in 1918 that killed 20 million people? Influenza Bacteria or virus? VIRUS! Why did it kill so many…

30. What was the name of the first antibiotic? Who discovered it? Penicillin Alexander Fleming (British scientist)

31. Where did the first antibiotic come from? Mold called penicillium

32. What did bacteria remove from the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, SD? Cyanide – used to dissolve gold into solution Bacteria removed cyanide before the water went back to the environment Trout proved it worked

33. Describe the lytic cycle of a virus In your book…

34. Structure of a bacterium (20.2) In your book

35. What did you learn from the bacteria lab? Think about… Techniques – sterile practices, making a streak plate, using agar to grow bacteria, using an incubator, taking bacteria samples from various locations Analyzing results – how do you know the product was effective?

Measuring antibiotic resistance Test antibiotics on different bacteria Which antibiotics are effective? Each disc is soaked in an antibiotic and placed on the bacteria culture In this case, only 1 species of bacteria is being tested to determine its resistance to various antibiotics

What kinds did you see?