Cellular Structure Chapter 4. Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya.

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Presentation transcript:

Cellular Structure Chapter 4

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Monera (defunct)

Bacterial Structure

Outwardly, there is little to go by in bacterial structure

Bacteria may be of various shapes (morphologies)

Coccus = Spherical

Bacillus = Rod

Spiral = Spiral

Pleomorphic = Varied, Undefined

On a microscopic level there are layers of structure.

Glycocalyx = Outer Coating.

Flagella = Motive structures

Fimbriae and Pili = Attachment

Bacteria are divided into two large groups based on overall cellular structure

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative

Gram Identity is about cell structure more than staining

Gram Positive = Single Membrane

Gram Negative = Double Membrane

EXCEPTION Mycobacterium

EXCEPTION Mycoplasma

Even exceptions to normal Gram staining can be classified by their overall structure and genetics.

Internal structure in bacteria is limited, but organized.

Specialized internal structures are found in some bacteria.

Endospores G+ structure to go dormant.

Magnetosomes Magnetite crystals for alignment

Storage Granules PHB Energy Storage

Eukarya Structure

Eukarya externally lack the complexity of Bacteria but are more internally structured

There are three classes of organelles.

Non-membrane Bound Ribosomes, flagella, etc.

Endomembrane System Nuclear Membrane, ER, etc.

Non- Endomembrane Membrane-Bound Mitochondria and Plastids

Non-Membrane Organelles

A Note on Evolution

Ribosomes Public Domain - PDB

Cytoskeleton

Endomembrane System

Nucleus Cell Nuclei in HeLa Cells Public Domain Image-Wikipedia

The Nucleus has numerous functions

Contains the DNA of the Cell

Controls access to the DNA

Regulates division of the DNA

Endomembrane System Wikimedia Commons

Mitochondria and Plastids

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

These organelles share a number of unique characteristics

Internal DNA Each possess a small circular piece of DNA

Ribosomes Each possess ribosomes internal to their structure

Binary Fission Both reproduce independent of the cell cycle.

Endosymbiotic Theory Aerobic Eubacteria Photosynthetic Eubacteria Protoeukaryote Aerobic Eukaryote Photosynthetic Eukaryote

Various lines of evidence support this theory.

Organelle ribosomes more closely resemble bacterial ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.

DNA of Mitochondria is closely related to Rickettsia bacteria.

DNA of Chloroplasts is closely related to blue-green photosynthetic bacteria.