Present and Future Perspectives of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions 고려대학교 홍 병 식.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Mass, Quark-number, Energy Dependence of v 2 and v 4 in Relativistic Nucleus- Nucleus Collisions Yan Lu University of Science and Technology of China Many.

Advertisements

1 Jet Structure of Baryons and Mesons in Nuclear Collisions l Why jets in nuclear collisions? l Initial state l What happens in the nuclear medium? l.

TJH: ISMD 2005, 8/9-15 Kromeriz, Czech Republic TJH: 1 Experimental Results at RHIC T. Hallman Brookhaven National Laboratory ISMD Kromeriz, Czech Republic.

Identified particle transverse momentum distributions in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC 刘海东中国科技大学.

Results from PHENIX on deuteron and anti- deuteron production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC Joakim Nystrand University of Bergen for the PHENIX Collaboration.

References to Study the New Matter. Study QGP in different Centrality Most Central events (highest multiplicity), e.g. top 5% central, i.e. 5% of the.

Jet Quenching at RHIC Saskia Mioduszewski Brookhaven National Laboratory 28 June 2004.

Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: Recent Results from RHIC David Hardtke LBNL.

03/14/2006WWND2006 at La Jolla1 Identified baryon and meson spectra at intermediate and high p T in 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions Outline: Motivation Intermediate.

We distinguish two hadronization mechanisms:  Fragmentation Fragmentation builds on the idea of a single quark in the vacuum, it doesn’t consider many.

200 GeV Au+Au Collisions, RHIC at BNL Animation by Jeffery Mitchell.

Luan Cheng (Institute of Particle Physics, Huazhong Normal University) I. Introduction II. Interaction Potential with Flow III. Flow Effects on Light Quark.

5-12 April 2008 Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics STAR Particle production at RHIC Aneta Iordanova for the STAR collaboration.

Open Charm Everard CORDIER (Heidelberg) Grako meeting HD, April 28, 2006Everard Cordier.

Identified and Inclusive Charged Hadron Spectra from PHENIX Carla M Vale Iowa State University for the PHENIX Collaboration WWND, March

Mid-Rapidity Hadron Production Studied with the PHENIX detector at RHIC Joakim Nystrand Universitetet i Bergen for the PHENIX Collaboration.

Recent measurements of open heavy flavor production by PHENIX Irakli Garishvili, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory PHENIX collaboration  Heavy quarks.

The PHENIX Experiment at RHIC: Can We Rewind the Clock to Catch a Glimpse Near the Beginning of Time? Thomas K Hemmick, Stony Brook University PHENIX for.

Christina Markert Physics Workshop UT Austin November Christina Markert The ‘Little Bang in the Laboratory’ – Accelorator Physics. Big Bang Quarks.

RHIC R.K. CHOUDHURY BARC. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), USA World’s First Heavy Ion Collider became.

High p T  0 Production in p+p, Au+Au, and d+Au Stefan Bathe UC Riverside for the Collaboration Topics in Heavy Ion Collisions McGill University, Montreal,

Identified Particle Ratios at large p T in Au+Au collisions at  s NN = 200 GeV Matthew A. C. Lamont for the STAR Collaboration - Talk Outline - Physics.

QM2006 Shanghai, China 1 High-p T Identified Hadron Production in Au+Au and Cu+Cu Collisions at RHIC-PHENIX Masahiro Konno (Univ. of Tsukuba) for the PHENIX.

Nov2,2001High P T Workshop, BNL Julia Velkovska High pt Hadrons from  sNN = 130 GeV Au-Au collisions measured in PHENIX Julia Velkovska (BNL) for PHENIX.

PHENIX Heavy-Flavor Results Matt Snowball (LANL) on behalf of the PHENIX collaboration Hard Probes 2015.

Hard vs. Soft Physics at RHIC - Insights from PHENIX l Why hard vs. soft? l Soft physics: thermal, flow effects l Hard processes at RHIC l Conclusion Barbara.

R CP Measurement with Hadron Decay Muons in Au+Au Collisions at √s NN =200 GeV WooJin Park Korea University For the PHENIX Collaboration.

In-Kwon YOO Pusan National University Busan, Republic of KOREA SPS Results Review.

U N C L A S S I F I E D 7 Feb 2005 Studies of Hadronic Jets with the Two-Particle Azimuthal Correlations Method Paul Constantin.

G. Musulmanbekov, K. Gudima, D.Dryablov, V.Geger, E.Litvinenko, V.Voronyuk, M.Kapishin, A.Zinchenko, V.Vasendina Physics Priorities at NICA/MPD.

09/15/10Waye State University1 Elliptic Flow of Inclusive Photon Ahmed M. Hamed Midwest Critical Mass University of Toledo, Ohio October, 2005 Wayne.

1 Jeffery T. Mitchell – Quark Matter /17/12 The RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program: Results from the PHENIX Experiment Jeffery T. Mitchell Brookhaven.

Heavy-Ion Program in CMS at the Large Hadron Collider Byungsik Hong Korea University Outline 1. Most Important results from RHIC 2. LHC & CMS 3. Heavy-ion.

Hadron Collider Physics 2012, 12/Nov/2012, KyotoShinIchi Esumi, Univ. of Tsukuba1 Heavy Ion results from RHIC-BNL ShinIchi Esumi Univ. of Tsukuba Contents.

Recent results from PHENIX at RHIC Joakim Nystrand Lund University / University of Bergen The PHENIX experiment Charged particle multiplicity p T spectra.

Physics of Dense Matter in Heavy-ion Collisions at J-PARC Masakiyo Kitazawa J-PARC 研究会、 2015/8/5 、 J-PARC.

QuarkNet 2006 Lets go smash some Atoms! Peripheral Collision:Central Collision Head-On Collision: Largest # of Nucleons Participate Glancing Collision:

U N C L A S S I F I E D Operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the DOE/NNSA Slide 0 Study of the Quark Gluon Plasma with Hadronic Jets What:

Presentation for NFR - October 19, Trine S.Tveter Recent results from RHIC Systems studied so far at RHIC: - s NN 1/2 = 

Charged Particle Multiplicity and Transverse Energy in √s nn = 130 GeV Au+Au Collisions Klaus Reygers University of Münster, Germany for the PHENIX Collaboration.

Robert Pak (BNL) 2012 RHIC & AGS Annual Users' Meeting 0 Energy Ro Robert Pak for PHENIX Collaboration.

1 Tatsuya Chujo Univ. of Tsukuba Hadron Physics at RHIC HAWAII nd DNP-APS/JPS Joint Meeting (Sep. 20, 2005)

John Harris (Yale) LHC Conference, Vienna, Austria, 15 July 2004 Heavy Ions - Phenomenology and Status LHC Introduction to Rel. Heavy Ion Physics The Relativistic.

Heavy Ions at the LHC Theoretical issues Super-hot QCD matter What have we learned from RHIC & SPS What is different at the LHC ? Goals of HI experiments.

07/27/2002Federica Messer High momentum particle suppression in Au-Au collisions at RHIC. Federica Messer ICHEP th international Conference on high.

Olena Linnyk Charmonium in heavy ion collisions 16 July 2007.

Light-Front Dynamic Application to the RHIC Physics Korea University, June 16, 2007 In collaboration with Prof. Byungsik Hong.

BY A PEDESTRIAN Related publications direct photon in Au+Au  PRL94, (2005) direct photon in p+p  PRL98, (2007) e+e- in p+p and Au+Au 

Results from ALICE Christine Nattrass for the ALICE collaboration University of Tennessee at Knoxville.

24 Nov 2006 Kentaro MIKI University of Tsukuba “electron / photon flow” Elliptic flow measurement of direct photon in √s NN =200GeV Au+Au collisions at.

T.Peitzmann Results on Au+Au collisions at 130 and 200AGeV from the PHENIX experiment Thomas Peitzmann Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster.

Diagnosing energy loss: PHENIX results on high-p T hadron spectra Baldo Sahlmüller, University of Münster for the PHENIX collaboration.

BNL/ Tatsuya CHUJO JPS RHIC symposium, Chuo Univ., Tokyo Hadron Production at RHIC-PHENIX Tatsuya Chujo (BNL) for the PHENIX Collaboration.

Ming X. Liu Moriond04 3/28-4/ Open Charm and Charmonium Production at RHIC Ming X. Liu Los Alamos National Laboratory (PHENIX Collaboration) - p+p.

Intermediate pT results in STAR Camelia Mironov Kent State University 2004 RHIC & AGS Annual Users' Meeting Workshop on Strangeness and Exotica at RHIC.

Systematic measurement of light vector mesons at RHIC-PHNEIX Yoshihide Nakamiya Hiroshima University, Japan (for the PHENIX Collaboration) Quark Matter.

Elliptic Flow of Inclusive Photon Elliptic Flow of Inclusive Photon Ahmed M. Hamed Midwest Critical Mass University of Toledo, Ohio Oct. 22,

Heavy Flavor Measurements at RHIC&LHC W. Xie (Purdue University, West Lafayette) W. Xie (Purdue University, West Lafayette) Open Heavy Flavor Workshop.

PHENIX J/  Measurements at  s = 200A GeV Wei Xie UC. RiverSide For PHENIX Collaboration.

Hard vs. Soft Physics at RHIC - Insights from PHENIX l Why hard vs. soft? l Soft physics: thermal, flow effects l Hard processes at RHIC l Conclusion Barbara.

First PHENIX Results from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Seminar at University of Rochester February 13, 2001 Asst. Prof. James Nagle.

Review of ALICE Experiments

High-pT Identified Hadron Production in Au+Au and Cu+Cu Collisions

for the ALICE collaboration University of Tennessee at Knoxville

Heavy-Flavour Physics in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Search for Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC

Current Heavy Ion Physics Experiments and Results Survey

Identified Charged Hadron Production at High pT

Introduction of Heavy Ion Physics at RHIC

First Hints for Jet Quenching at RHIC

Presentation transcript:

Present and Future Perspectives of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions 고려대학교 홍 병 식

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 2 Motivation of HI Collisions  Investigating the QCD prediction of a deconfined (& chiral symmetry restored) high-energy-density phase of nuclear matter QGP is thought to have existed ten millionths of second after the Big Bang; creating the primordial matter of universe in the laboratory. High-energy nuclear collisions will compress and heat the heavy nuclei so much that their individual protons and neutrons overlap and lots of pions arise, creating the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 3 Quark-Gluon Plasma Big Bang EW & QCD Separate (GUT ) WI & QED Separate He Formation Atom Formation Galaxy & Star Formation First Supernovae Present

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 4 Heavy-Ion Collisions Some of the energy they had before is transformed into heat and new particles right here ! Approaching 99.95% c CollisionsPassing through Expansion

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 5 Phases of Nuclear Matter T(MeV) Density(n 0 ) ~150 ~10 Early Universe (RHIC, LHC) Color Superconductor Neutron Star Hadron Gas Quark-Gluon Plasma Phase Transition Atomic Nuclei n 0 =0.17/fm 3 1 fm= m 1 MeV~10 10 K

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 6 Heavy-Ion Accelerators Accelerator c.m. Energy (GeV) Status SIS 18 (GSI, Germany) 2A (A=mass number) Running AGS (BNL, USA) 5AFinished SIS 200 (GSI, Germany) 8A Just approved; Plan to run from ~2010 SPS (CERN, Switzerland) 20AFinish soon RHIC (BNL, USA) 200ARunning since 2000 LHC (CERN, Switzerland) 5500APlan to run from ~2007

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 7 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider  Brookhaven National Lab. in New York in New York Circumference: 3.83 km First collision: A GeV Au+Au(2X10 26 /cm 2 /s) 250 GeV p+p(2X10 32 /cm 2 /s)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 8 More about the PHENIX PHENIX= Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 9 PHENIX the Reality May 2001

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 10 Shopping List 1. Deconfinement R(  ) ~ 0.13 fm < R(J/  ) ~ 0.29 fm < R(  ’ ) ~ 0.56 fm (Electrons, Muons) 2. Chiral Symmetry Restoration Mass, width, branching ratio of  to e + e -, K + K - with  M < 5 MeV (Electrons, Muons, Hadrons) Baryon susceptibility, color fluctuations, anti-baryon production (Hadrons) DCC ’ s, Isospin fluctuations (Photons, Charged Hadrons) 3. Thermal Radiation of Hot Gas Prompt , Prompt  * to e + e -,  +  - (Photons, Electrons, Muons) 4. Strangeness and Charm Production Production of K +, K - mesons (Hadrons) Production of , J/ , D mesons (Electrons, Muons) 5. Jet Quenching High p T jet via leading particle spectra (Hadrons, Photons) 6. Space-Time Evolution HBT Correlations of  ±  ±, K ± K ± (Hadrons) Summary: Electrons, Muons, Photons, Hadrons

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 nations 57 institutes 460 people

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 12 Selected Results Global Features –Particle Multiplicity –Transverse Energy –Flow Identified Particles –Hadrons –Electrons Studied vs –Centrality –System Size –Beam Energy All results presented here are for p+p & Au+Au collisions at =130 and 200 GeV

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 13 Particle Multiplicity PHOBOS Compilation (PRL 88, (2002)) HI is producing more particles than elementary p-p or p-pbar at the same beam energy N part = # of participant nucleons

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 14 Event Charaterization Use the combination of –Zero Degree Calorimeters (energy of unbound spectator neutrons) –Beam-Beam Counters (charged multiplicity) –to define centrality classes Use –Glauber Modeling –to extract the number of participants 0-5% 5-10% 10-15% etc. CentralityCollisionsParticipants 0-5% 945  15%347  15% 5-15% 673  15%271  15% 15-30% 383  15%178  15% 30-60% 123  15%76  15% 60-80% 19  60% 80-92% 3.7  60%5  60%

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 15 Global Variables Yields grow significantly faster than N part Evidence for the hard scattering (N bin ) term Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3500 (2001) First PHENIX paper

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 16 Gluon Saturation? r/  gg  g Eskola, Kajantie, and Tuominen: hep-ph/ Kharzeev, Nandi: nucl-th/ Gluon begins to fuse with high enough gluon density; limit the particle production Gluon Saturation does not set in for peripheral collisions: need to look for the central collisions

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 17 Initial Energy Density  Bjorken’s 1-D hydrodynamic model ~ GeV/fm 3 PRL87, (2001) Time to thermalize the system(~ fm/c?) Energy deposition is certainly large enough to reach the QGP Lattice  c  Bj  ~ 4.6 GeV/fm 3 J. Nagle  Bj  ~ 23.0 GeV/fm 3

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 18 QGP Probes Expectation –quarks and quarkonium states may respond differently to a plasma compared to ordinary nuclear matter Hard Probes –Formed in initial collisions with high Q 2 –Calculable in pQCD given Parton strunture function Hard scattering rate Fragmentation function q q Hadron jet Hadron jet

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 19 Partonic Energy Loss in QGP q q Baier, Dokshitzer, Mueller, Schiff, hep-ph/ Gyulassy, Levai, Vitev, hep-pl/ Wang, nucl-th/ and many more….. Partons are expected to loose energy via gluon radiation in traversing a QGP(jet quenching) Hadrons above p T > 2 GeV expected to be from jet fragmentation Look for a suppression of leading hadrons in that p T region

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 20 Other Nuclear Effects Prediction for RHIC They enhance the high p T hadrons soft/hard transition?  Cronin Effect +Shadowing

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 21 Hadron Spectra at 130A GeV Central Scaled pp Peripheral Central Scaled pp

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 22 Suppression Observed ratio of p T -spectra –AA central / pp R AA =1 for scaling with number of binary collisions R AA < 1 for central reactions at 130A GeV –observed in neutral pions and charged hadrons (PHENIX and STAR) Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, (2002)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 23 Comparison with SPS Data R AA > 1 for reactions at SPS and ISR WA98, Eur.Phys.J.C 23, (2002)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 24 Data vs Theory Shadowing + Cronin Energy Loss Scaled pp Peripheral data Central data Energy Loss Shadowing + Cronin Scaled pp =7.3 GeV/fm 15x higher than in cold nuclear matter (HERMES) X.N. Wang PRC 61, (2000) E. Wang & X.N. Wang, hep-ph/ Central data

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 25 New Results at 200A GeV pp and AA measured in the same detector

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 26 Suppression strong suppression in  0 : –decreasing with p T –factor 6 at p T = 6-8 GeV/c similar suppression in charged hadrons –R AA slightly higher at intermediate p T ? discrepancies in charged R AA between experiments –Glauber calculations? –NN-reference? better consistency between STAR and PHENIX for central/peripheral! PHENIX, PRL 91, (2003)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 27 Jet Correlation at RHIC Establish near-side (trigger-jet) and far-side (counter-jet) correlation in pp Ansatz: correlation in AA as superposition of pp data and elliptic flow –pp signal from pp data –elliptic flow from reaction plane analysis quantify deviations from pp by integrals around  = 0 and  back-to-back correlation disappears in central AuAu PRL 90, (03’), STAR Collaboration

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 28 d+Au Control Experiment Collisions of small with large nuclei were always foreseen as necessary to quantify cold nuclear matter effects. Recent theoretical work on the “Color Glass Condensate” model provides alternative explanation of data: –Jets are not quenched, but are a priori made in fewer numbers. –Color Glass Condensate hep-ph/ by Kharzeev, Levin, & Nardi Small + Large distinguishes all initial and final state effects. Nucleus -nucleus collision Proton/deuteron -nucleus collision VS.

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 29 d+Au Spectra Final spectra for charged hadrons and identified pions. Data span 7 orders of magnitude.

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 30 R AA vs. R dA for Identified  0 d+Au Au+Au Initial State Effects Only Initial + Final State Effects d-Au results rule out CGC as the explanation for Jet Suppression at Central Rapidity and high p T

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 31 Charged Hadron Results Striking difference of d+Au and Au+Au results. Charged Hadrons higher than neutral pions. Cronin Effect: Multiple Collisions broaden high P T spectrum

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 32 Centrality Dependence Dramatically different and opposite centrality evolution of Au+Au experiment from d+Au control one. Jet Suppression is clearly a final state effect. “PHENIX Preliminary” results, consistent with PHOBOS data in submitted paper Au + Au Experimentd + Au Control Experiment Preliminary DataFinal Data

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 33 Summary at Present 1.RHIC collisions produce more particles and energy than ever produced. 2.There is an evidence that the dense matter behaves collectively. 3.Fireball is close to the condition for early universe in the energy density estimate and antiproton/proton ratio ( > 0.6). 4.Jet quenching is observed with high pt single hadrons and jet correlations (Cronin in d+Au). 5.First spectra for electron and implications for charm production.

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 34 Future Establish that the QGP is formed via –Blackbody radiation from hot QGP –Presence of color Debye screening of QGP Explore the energy and system size dependences Spin structure function of antiquarks and gluons by polarized proton collisions Future Project –CBM/SIS200/GSI heavy-ion collisions Explore the highest baryon density nuclear matter –CMS/LHC/CERN heavy-ion collisions b production via muon detection and jet production

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 35 Exploring Nuclear Matter at the highest-density B. Friman et al., Eur. Phys. J. A3, 165(1998)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 36 Motivation-Strangeness When this enhancement of hyperons starts? QGP already at 30A GeV? Unique maximum in AA

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 37 Motivation-e + e - pair

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 38 Motivation-Charm  SIS18: strangeness production near threshold (1-3 n 0 )  SIS200: charm production near threshold (5-10 n 0 )  In-medium effects

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 39 More Motivations Indications for deconfinement at high baryon density –Anomalous charmonium suppression Temperature of Hot Nuclear Matter –Virtual photons decaying into e + e - pairs Equation-of-State –Flow measurement (direct, v 2, radial, etc.) Critical Point –Event-by-Event fluctuations Color Superconductivity –Precursor effects at T > T C

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 40 How? Accelerator Side –Require high intensity for rare particle measurements: ~10 9 ions/sec (cf. ~10 7 ions/sec at the SPS) –High spill fraction: 0.8 (cf at the SPS) Detector Side –Identification of hadrons at high momentum with high track density environment (~1000 for 25A GeV Au+Au) –Identification of electrons with pion suppression by 10 4 – 10 5 (need two electron detectors) –Reconstruction of particle vertices with high resolution –Large acceptance

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 41 2 nd Generation Fixed Target Exp. Magnetic field: 1-2 T Silicon Pixel/Strip: hyperons and D ’ s RICH: electrons, high momentum pions & kaons TRD: electrons from the J/Psi decay TOF –Start: diamond pixel –Stop: RPC CBM Detector Concept

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 42 Future Facility at GSI HADES at 2-8A GeV CBM at 8-40A GeV

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 43 What is LHC? 100 m underground 9 km diameter 27 km circumference Use the already existed LEP tunnel Run p-p collisions from 2007 Run Pb-Pb collisions from about 2007

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 44 CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid)

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 45 Korea in CMS Korea Italy FRPC Total Area 1,400 m 2

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 46 Korean RPC: Beam Test at CERN 2001 Test Setup

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 47 Korean RPC: Performance Summary Characteristics CMS Requirements Test Results Time Resolution< 3 nsec< 1.5 nsec Efficiency> 95 % Rate Capability> 1 kHz/cm 2 Noise Rate< 15 Hz/cm 2 Plateau Region> 300 V> 400 V

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 48 More Details Beam test results of a large forward resistive plate chamber for the CMS/LHC, Nucl. Instum. Methods A443, 31 (2000) Temperature and humidity dependence of bulk resistivity of bakelite for resistive plate chambers in CMS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A451, 582 (2000) Study on the operational conditions of a double gap resistive plate chamber for the CMS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A456, 29 (2000) Beam test results of a large real size RPC for the CMS/LHC experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A456, 23 (2000) Aspects of operational conditions of a double gap prototype RPC for the CMS/LHC experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A465, 447 (2001) Performance of a large forward resistive plate chamber for the CMS/LHC under high radiation environment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A469, 323 (2001) Threshold dependence of strip clusters for the forward region resistive plate chamber of the CMS/LHC experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A (2002) in print. More in preparation.

2003 년 10 월 8 일서울대학교 콜로퀴움 49 Conclusions Since HI experiments started at the AGS and SPS in 1986, relativistic heavy-ion collision has been one of the most exciting fields in nuclear physics. Lots of data have been accumulated, e.g., –Hadrons: freeze-out status –Hyperons: enhancement of multi-strange baryons –Leptons: in-medium effect, J/Psi suppression We need a systematic approach as a function of beam energy and system size. Active research is and will be required at least for the next two decades with LHC and SIS200.