Firefighter I

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 The weight of a given volume of vapor or gas, compared to an equal volume of dry air at an equal vapor pressure  All vapors and gases mix with air  The vapor density of air is 1 3 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

The vapor density of air is 1  Gases with vapor density  Less than air, rise and dissipate  Greater than air, sink and accumulate 4 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Some common flammable gases 5 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

The weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at an equal temperature 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Substances with a specific gravity  Lighter than water, float  Heavier than water, sink 7 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Water and most flammable and combustible liquids don’t mix with each other (immiscible).  Hazardous because the flammable fuels will float on the water where they could ignite or burn  Important when considering firefighting tactics and strategies and the limits placed on extinguishment options 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Flammable liquids burning on top of water in a tanker spill that occurred in Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

The surface area of a fuel in proportion to its mass  The higher the surface-to- mass ratio of a fuel, the higher its ignitability 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

 A piece of plywood on its edge exposes 3 surface areas  Orientation of a fuel matters! 11 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

 Affected by surface-to- mass ratio  Depends on fuel type, fuel quantity, and the orientation of the fuel  Increases as more fuel becomes involved in the combustion process 12 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

 Most fire-related deaths are caused by smoke  Smoke is made of gases, vapor, and soot (solid particulates) that are inherently poisonous  Regard all smoke as toxic and hazardous 13 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

 Carbon monoxide (CO)  Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )  Irritants  Particulates 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

A byproduct of the incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon  The most common product of combustion found at structure fires  The leading cause of civilian fire deaths  A chemical asphyxiate that binds with hemoglobin, inhibiting oxygen transfer 15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

A byproduct of combustible fuels containing nitrogen  A chemical asphyxiate that prevents the body from using oxygen at the cellular level  Most associated with the combustion of polyurethane foam, which is commonly found or used in furniture and bedding 16 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

A byproduct of complete combustion  Not considered to be toxic, but it can act as an asphyxiate by displacing oxygen  Also acts as a respiratory stimulant by increasing the respiratory rate of its victims 17 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

 Byproducts of combustion that can  Make breathing difficult and uncomfortable  Inflame the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin  Smoke can carry different and varied irritants, depending on the fuel source 18 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Byproducts that can be inhaled and deposited in the mouth, trachea, and lungs  May cause respiratory distress and irritation to the eyes  There may be additional health hazards specific to the fuels being burned 19 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

 , Essentials of Firefighting (5 th Edition), International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA)  Images used with permission by IFSTA. 20 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.