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Chapter 1 – Scientific Method Defn: Scientific Method – The orderly and universally accepted _________________ __________________________________ 6 steps – Do all need to be followed exactly each time What is the goal? –_______________

The six steps of the scientific method 1)Ask _______________ 2)Form ______________ 3)Test _______________ 4)Analyze ____________ 5)State a _____________ 6)____________________

Scientific Method 1) Ask A Question – Good questions come from _________________. Observations are only useful if they are accurately made and recorded. –Tools to assist in observation Sight, Hearing, Tasting, Smelling, Touching, microscopes, telescopes, graduated cylinders, clocks, rulers, stethoscope, x-ray, etc. Question – Prior to medical testing how did doctors check for diabetes

Scientific Method 2) Form a Hypothesis – ________________ You must think logically and creatively Can you have different hypotheses for the same problem? - answer yes _____________ Statements

Scientific Method 3)Test the Hypothesis a) ______________ Experiment – ____ variable 1)Defn: Variable – a factor ________________ 2)____________________________________. 3)‘If – Then’ statements – defines the variable 4)Collect the Data 5)Law of large numbers (number of tested groups or the number of times an experiment is repeated)

Scientific Method 4) Analyze the Results – ______________ (tables, graphs)

Scientific Method 5) Draw Conclusions – Do the _______ _______________________________. –If Not? What have you accomplished? You have proven and learned that the hypothesis is wrong. Options Repeat Find another explanation for what you have observed

Scientific Method 6) Communicate the results – How? ___________________

Scientific Method What is a theory – A theory is a __________________________ ____________________________________

Tools of the Life Scientist Tools for Seeing –Compound Light Microscope (upto 1000x) Tube with lenses Ocular lens (maybe 10x) Objective lenses (maybe 4x, 10x, 100x) Stage Light * use dyes to assist in seeing certain structures better

Higher Level Technologies for Seeing Electron Microscope (__________x-__________x) X-rays CT scans & MRI

Tools for Measuring Rulers Graduated cylinders Scales – triple beam balance Thermometers Clock

Tools for Calculating Computers Calculators

Linear Measurement (length) The shortest distance between 2 points is a straight line Measured with a ruler, meter stick, tape measure, lasers, sonar In Science –ALWAYS use the ___________ (no inches) –NEVER use ___________ (only decimals)

Metric System (for length) Measured in meters How big is 1 centimeter (cm.) –Answer – about the width (side to side) of __________________ –How big is a meter – about the height of a mailbox or an average 3 rd grader

Kilometer(km)______ m Meter(m)1 m Decimeter(dm)______ m Centimeter(cm)______m Millimeter(mm)______m

What would you measure in; 1) kilometers 2) meters 3) centimeters 4) millimeters 5) nanometers ?

There are 10 mm in ____ cm There are 100 cm in ____ m There are 1000 mm in _____ m

Calculating Area Area is the measure of ________________ ___________________________________ Area = ______ x ______ of a rectangle _____ x _____ if it’s a square

Don’t forget the units 7 cm x 2 cm = ______ (______________)

8 cm 9 cm Area = 8 cm x 9 cm = _______

Calculating Volume of a Solid Volume is the ____________________________ _______________________________________. Volume = ______ x ______ x ______ for a rectangle or square Always measured in cm 3 or m 3 ** If its an irregular object use a graduated cylinder and measure ___________________

Don’t forget the units cm x cm x cm = _____ (______________)

5 cm 10 cm 7 cm Volume = 10 cm x 5 cm x 7 cm = _______

Metric System (for liquid volume) Use a graduated cylinder Measured in ________ ______ milliliters is 1 liter 1 milliliter of liquid is about the amount that would fill a pen cap. 1 liter of water is the size of a supersized soda.

Using a graduated cylinder Must be on a flat surface Raise or lower your head so that your eyes are at the level of the liquid Read from the _____ of the meniscus The meniscus is ______ ____________________ _______________ inside the graduated cylinder 25 ml 23 ml x

Measuring the volume of an irregular solid ** 1 ml of liquid is equivalent to 1 cm 3 of solid 1 ml = ___ cm 3

10 ml 18 ml

Place the irregular object into the already partially filled graduated cylinder and _______________ ________________________________________ (What’s the change in the measured volume from before the object is in the water vs. afterwards)

Metric System (for mass) Measured with a _________ ________________________ Uses _______ (__) as the units Mass is the ______________ ________________________. It does not change with the object’s __________. Mass is different than weight. Weight is a measure of ______ ________________________ 1)Read the middle (hundreds) bar first. 2) Read the top or the rear bar (tens) second. 3) Read the bottom or closest bar (ones) last. Read this one with its decimal (3.5). 4) Add all the numbers together to get the final mass in grams. ie = g

Metric System (for temperature) 2 options Celsius (°C) -_______ is absolute zero __________ the freezing point of water __________ is the boiling point of water Comfortable room temperature is around 37 °C Kelvin (°K) _____ °K is absolute zero 273 °K = 0 °Cfreezing point of water 373 °K = 100 °C boiling point of water Absolute Zero is the temperature at which all movement including atomic movement stops.

Microscope Coarse focus Fine focus Stage Light Ocular lens Objective lenses Diaphragm

Microscope continued Ocular lens magnifies 10x To get the magnification multiply the magnification ____________ with the magnification of the ______________. 10 x 4= 40 mag. 10 x 10= 100 mag. 10 x 40= 400 mag.

Microscope Use 1)Carry with both hands 2)Start on the lowest power (4x) 3)Focus with the coarse adjustment 4)Keep both eyes open when viewing 5)Use the fine focus to fine tune the image 6)Center the image 7)Switch to medium power 8)Focus with the fine focus 9)Goto high power 10)NEVER use coarse focus on high power. You will break the slide and scratch the lens 11)When done return the objective lens to its lowest setting and turn off the light source

Vocabulary life science – the study of living things scientific method – a series of steps that scientists use to answer a question or solve a problem hypothesis- controlled experiment- variable theory technology

Vocabulary compound light microscope electron microscope area volume mass temperature