ATP Production A2 Biology

Starter Complete the definition loop from AS Level biology When completed it will form a loop Example: respiration Release of energy from organic compounds

Energy The Need for Energy: Metabolism-all the biological reactions needed for an organism to stay alive Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism

Chemical energy is contained in food

Uses All living things need a continuous supply of energy for:

The Flow of Energy: 1)2)3)

ATP Structure:

When a phosphate group is removed from ATP, ADP is formed and 30.5 kJ/mol of energy is released 30.5 kJ/mol of energy is released This is a reversible reaction:

Reversible reaction

exergonic = release of energy ATP  ADP + Pi + energy (30.5 kJ/mol) endergonic = requires energy ADP + Pi + energy (30.5 kJ/mol)  ATP

The Universal Energy Currency ATP: –small –soluble (can diffuse rapidly around cell) –high free energy of hydrolysis (a relatively large amount of energy is released)

How is ATP Produced? ATP is produced in the cell in two ways: 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 2. Chemiosmosis

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (SLP) involves the transfer of phosphate from a high energy molecule to ADP, with the aid of an enzyme. animation

Chemiosmosis requires a phospholipid bilayer, a proton pump, protons and ATPase. energy from food molecules is used to pump protons out through a proton pump (intrinsic protein). This creates a concentration of protons (H+) outside.

ATPase has a channel that allows for the facilitated diffusion of protons back in through the membrane. This activates ATPase, which in turn catalyzes the formation of ATP AnimationAnimation1 Animation Animation2 Animation3

Mitochondria How is it adapted for ATP synthesis?

Assignment Draw an annotated diagram of a mitochondrion Draw a diagram to explain the process of chemiosmosis Explain how the proton concentration gradient is maintained