WWII On the Homefront Mobilization, Racial Tension, and effects

Manpower and Financing More than 15 million men and women by 1945 More than 15 million men and women by 1945 Total cost? $330 billion Total cost? $330 billion 60% borrowed through sale of bonds 60% borrowed through sale of bonds 40% garnered through revenue-raising measures 40% garnered through revenue-raising measures –Graduated income tax, excise taxes, excess profit taxes National debt: $49 B (1941) to $260B (1945) National debt: $49 B (1941) to $260B (1945) –See chart!

National Debt Rises

Supplies and Materials War Production Board War Production Board Office of Economic Stabilization est. early 1943 Office of Economic Stabilization est. early 1943 National War Labor Board National War Labor Board –Smith-Connelly War Labor Act Office of Price Administration Office of Price Administration –Rationing Industrial Conversion Industrial Conversion –Henry Ford—Willow Run –Henry Kaiser– “Sir Launchalot”

Rationing

Changes in American Life Population shifts Population shifts Impact on minorities Impact on minorities –“Just carve on my tombstone, here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man” –1 million in armed forces (segregated) –Charles Drew and blood plasma –Movement to cities—Detroit Riot? –A. Philip Randolph’s march—Executive Order 8802 –CORE, Double V Campaign!

Mexican Americans “zoot suit” riots “zoot suit” riots “zoot suit” riots “zoot suit” riots Bracero Program Bracero Program Bracero Program Bracero Program

Women 19 million in workforce by 1945—many married 19 million in workforce by 1945—many married “war brides” “war brides” Enlistments: WACS, WAVES, WAF, WASP Enlistments: WACS, WAVES, WAF, WASP

Garnering support for war Left largely to private sector Left largely to private sector Personal appeal and sacrifice Personal appeal and sacrifice War movies War movies Use of celebrities Use of celebrities Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9066

Executive Order 9066

Location of Internment Camps

The 442 nd Regiment and Apology

Entertainment and Escapism Swing Swing Humor Humor Propaganda Propaganda

The Letter, Jacob Lawrence,1946

The Red Staircase, Ben Shahn, 1946