Analogies Another way to show relationships in writing!!! :

What are analogies? Analogies develop logic by analyzing two words to identify the relationship between them Analogies match pairs of words with the same relationship ::: : “An apple is to the color red as an orange is to the color orange.”

How do you read/write analogies? FIND : LOCATE :: lose : misplace Colon stands for the phrase “is related to” FIND [is related to] LOCATE::LOSE [is related to] MISPLACE Double colon (::) stands for “in the same way that” Read it as: FIND is to LOCATE as lose is to misplace. Ask Yourself: What is the relationship between the words “find” and “locate”? How is it similar to the relationship between the words “lose” and “misplace?”

Analogies show relationship Analogies can show many relationships. These relationships are divided into the following categories: Synonym/Antonym Part of the Whole Characteristic/Quality Classification Cause/Effect Function Location Degree Performer/Related Object Performer/Related Action Action/Related Object

Synonym/Antonym Synonyms: Words that have similar meanings What’s the relationship? DRY : ARID :: lost : mislaid Both words have similar meanings so this relationship is a synonym. Antonyms: Words that have opposite meanings What’s the relationship? KIND : CRUEL :: happy : sad Both words have opposite meanings, so their relationship is an antonym

Part and Whole Words are related because one is a part of another What’s the relationship? CHAPTER : BOOK :: fender : automobile A chapter is a part of a book just as a fender is a part of an automobile. What’s the relationship? POEM : STANZA :: play : acts It’s still Part and Whole, but this time the whole comes first.

Characteristic/Quality Words are related based on similar characteristics or qualities What’s the relationship? MIRROR : SMOOTH :: sandpaper : rough Mirrors are characteristically smooth just as sandpaper is characteristically rough. Let’s try some…. Summer: hot:: winter: __?___ Floor: hard:: pillow: ________ Amber: blonde:: Erica: _______

Classification Relates words based on how they are classified/categorized What’s the relationship? POLKA : DANCE :: frog : amphibian BIRD : CARDINAL :: house : igloo A polka may be classified as a dance; a cardinal is classified as a bird.

Cause/Effect Relationship is based off of how one thing impacts another What’s the relationship? GIFT : JOY :: rain : flood TEARS : SADNESS :: smiles : joy A gift can cause joy; tears are an effect of sadness.

Function Relationship is based on the way something operates or is used Can also be called “purpose” analogies What’s the relationship? KNIFE : CUT :: shovel : dig The function of a knife is to cut.

Location Relationship is based on where something is found/located What’s the relationship? FISH : SEA :: moose : forest A fish can be found in the sea, just as a moose can be found in a forest.

Degree Relationship is based on the degree or intensity to which something goes or is done What’s the relationship? CHUCKLE : LAUGH :: whimper : cry These words differ in degree. One is more intense than the other.

Performer/Object Relationship is based on how a person uses or relates to an object What’s the relationship? CASHIER : CASH :: plumber : pipe A cashier works with cash, just as a plumber works with pipes.

Performer/Action This relationship is based on how a person relates to or performs an action. What’s the relationship? AUTHOR : WRITE :: chef : cook You expect an author to write, just as you expect a chef to cook.

Action/Object How an action is related to an object; how an object is used in an action What’s the relationship? BOIL : EGG :: throw : ball You boil an egg, just as you throw a ball. (In these items, the object always receives the action.)