Macromolecules Honors Biology Biochemistry Unit

Essential Question What are the major macromolecules and what purpose does each serve?

Warm-Up Activity Get together with an elbow partner and discuss the following:  Name the four main macromolecules and the main purpose/function of each Be ready to share what you discussed with the class

Organic Macromolecules CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Nucleic Acids A macromolecule is a larger molecule (polymer) built by putting together smaller single units (monomers).

Carbohydrates What are some examples you can think of?

Carbohydrates Main source of energy for living things Main source of energy for living things Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes

Carbohydrates – fuel and building material Made up of C, H, and O Ratio is 1:2:1C:H:O Three types: 1. monosaccharides 2. disaccharides 3. polysaccharides Number of sugar molecules attached determines category  mono- one  di- two  poly- more than two Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers together, also has hydrogen bonds

Carbohydrates Continued Condensation forms polymers Hydrolysis breaks down polymers

Monosaccharides Are major sources of energy for cells Ex. Glucose – cellular respiration Found in other carbohydrates as well as other organic macromolecules (amino and fatty acids) Most common monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

Activity Discuss what you know about glucose, fructose, and galactose with your neighbor Be ready to share your answer!

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Glucose: *made during photosynthesis *main source of energy for plants and animals Fructose:*found naturally in fruits *is the sweetest of monosaccarides Galactose:*found in milk *is usually in association with glucose or fructose

Diaccharide Disaccharide – two monosaccharide bonded together.  table sugar(sucrose) is made up of glucose and fructose bonded together,  milk sugar(lactose) is made up of glucose and galactose

Polysaccharide Polysaccharide – more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bonds  Serve as storage material or building material Storage (ex: starch, glycogen) Structural (ex: cellulose, chitin) A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with 12 or more monosaccharide units. Pasta and starches are polysaccharide  Potatoes are a starch

Chemical Identification of Carbohydrates Benedict’s Test: Identifies the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in the presence of heat Iodine Test : Identifies the presence of a POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to purple/black Process of Elimination: If there is no reaction with either the Benedict’s or Iodine Tests, then a DISACCHARIDE is present.

Carbohydrate Summary Elements 1C:2H:1O (ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Building Block Monosaccharides (ex. Glucose + fructose) Bonds Hydrogen Different forms Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide Examples/ Common Names Sugars & starches; cellulose Importance/ Functions Immediate energy Other Tests: Benedict’s, Iodine

What macromolecules are these?

Lipids (fats and oils) Used to store energy Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings nonpolar, does not dissolve in water contains ≥CH:O Covalent bonds

Lipid Structure Lipid molecules are made up of fatty acids (3) and glycerol Unsaturated fat- a fat that contains at least one carbon- carbon double bond (it is liquid at room temperature) Saturated fat- a fat without one carbon-carbon double bond (solid at room temperature)

Saturated fat Unsaturated fat (oil)

Chemical Identification Brown Paper Test: Lipids leave a translucent stain on brown paper bags (grease stain) Solubility in a polar and nonpolar substance  Water and ethanol

Lipid Summary Elements≥2CH:O (ex. C 57 H 110 O 6 ) Building BlockFatty acids + glycerols BondsCovalent Different formsFats, oils, waxes Examples/ Common Names Fats, oils, waxes Importance/ Functions Energy storage, insulation, protective coatings, cell membr. Other Tests: brown paper, solubility in nonpolar substances (ex. Ethanol)

Nucleic Acid What are the two types? Why are they the most complex macromolecule?

Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information  (RNA and DNA)  RNA- ribonucleic acid  DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid DNA has a double helix structure DNA

Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides bonded together (phosphodiester bond), also has hydrogen bonds Nucleotides consist of 3 parts  5-carbon sugar  A phosphate group  And a nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acid Summary ElementsCHONP Building BlockNucleotides(nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate) BondsPhosphodiester Hydrogen Different formsDNA & RNA Examples/ Common Names DNA, RNA, ATP Importance/ Functions Stores cellular information in a code (heredity), DNA & RNA form proteins OtherMost complex biol. compound

Which macromolecule do these represent?

Proteins Proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Proteins are used to form bones and muscles Proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease Made from CHON and sometimes S

Protein Structure There are four levels of structure in a protein The primary structure of protein:  ****Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds**** Amino acids

Amino Acid Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH 2 and a carboxyl end (COOH) 20 different amino acids are commonly found in proteins

Protein Structure (1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain (2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains hydrogen bonded into a helix form (3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain clumped up (4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck together

Chemical Identification Biuret Test: Test for peptide bonds in Protein  Blue colored solution turns purple in the presence of peptide bonds  Intensity = Concentration of protein

Protein Summary ElementsCHON and sometimes S Building BlockAmino acids (20) BondsPeptide bonds hold aa together Different formsIncludes enzymes Examples/ Common Names Hair & muscle, enzymes Importance/ Functions Structure & function, immune system, chem reactions, build tissue OtherTest: Biuret

Carbon Macromolecules Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oilsNucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,