NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Recent Monitoring of Crustal Movements in the Eastern Mediterranean The Usage of GPS Measurements G. Stangl, Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying, Austria C. Bruyninx, Royal Observatory of Belgium

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Faults at Plate Boundaries

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Detailed Model at Plate Boundaries Modified from Barka (1992) and Rockwell and others

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Usage of GPS Measurements Permanent Stations Campaigns Common Reference Frame, e.g. ITRF2000 Stacking Solutions Removing unwanted Influences Estimating Station Velocities from the refined Time Series

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Effects on Station Coordinates Different Reference Frames Different Antenna Definitions Modeling Errors Seasonal Variations Site Problems (Equipment, Monumentation, Atmosphere) Orbits and Clocks before 1992 Orbits and Clocks Different Adjustments About 20 mm About 10 mm About 5 mm Up to 10 mm Up to 30 mm Height 60 mm About 50 mm Up to 30 mm Up to 20 mm

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Reference System jumps

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Jumps due to Equipment

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Adjustment Problem (Reference Site GRAZ) Antenna Change Effect at RAMO

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Stations Permanent ( International Networks, public, well monitored ), e.g. IGS, EPN... Permanent ( international Special Projects, public, monitoring due to international guidelines? ), e.g. UNAVCO Permanent ( National or Firms, private, incomplete information about quality, no public information about availability, potential access? ) Markers ( No international Database for information, Stability Problems, Protection? )

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 IGS and other Permanent Stations

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Major Campaigns (Reilinger et al. 1997)

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Major Campaigns and Results (McClusky et al. 2000)

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Geophysical Signals (Postseismic)

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Geophysical Signals (Change of Velocity?)

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Velocities (Campaigns and Permanent Stations)

NATO Workshop Veszprem 2004 Conclusions GPS permanent stations and campaigns can deliver similar station velocities at the level of 1mm/year Time span should be at least 2 years (3 campaigns) Major steps of improvement of accuracy 1993, 2000 General correlation to values from geology  station velocities can monitor crustal movements Overall coverage poor – even at major faults Permanent stations at each major tectonic unit required (2-3) Campaigns for filling gaps and discovering smaller features