EARTHQUAKES Chapter 15 Recent quakes (last 7 days) uakes/recenteqsww/

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Presentation transcript:

EARTHQUAKES Chapter 15

Recent quakes (last 7 days) uakes/recenteqsww/

LARGEST QUAKES SINCE 1900 Chile Alaska Alaska Sumatra Japan Chile

MAJOR RECENT QUAKES China 7.9 5/12/08 87,000 Sumatra /26/04 230,000 Haiti 7.0 1/12/10 316,000 Chile 8.82/27/ Japan 9.03/11/11 28,000 + Philippines 6.7 2/6/12113

Michigan earthquakes Year Date Mag. City 1877 Aug Greenfield 1938 Mar Gibralter 1938 Mar 14 ? Gibralter 1947 Aug Coldwater 1977 Oct L Superior 1980 Apr L Superior 1982 Nov Scotts 1994 Sep Central Lansing 2001 Oct Prairie L

What is an Earthquake? Vibration of earth from rapid release of energy Movement at focus above focus is the epicenter

Elastic rebound theory

Aftershocks “Readjustment” of the plate in it’s new position Due to Elastic rebound theory Bigger earthquakes= bigger aftershocks

Normal fault tensional stress footwall Hanging wall

Reverse (thrust) fault compressional stress footwall Hanging wall

Strike slip shearing stress

San Andreas Fault

EARTHQUAKE WAVES

Measured by a seismograph

P waves Primary travel fastest travels through liquids and solids compressional wave –push/pull

S waves Secondary travels only through solids shearing wave –back and forth motion

Surface waves Travel on surface slow similar to water waves Usually cause most damage

GPS seismometer

Label layers

Seismic waves S waves do NOT travel through liquids

Mantle= P + S waves= solid Outer core= P waves only= liquid Inner core-= solid

Locating an epicenter use lag time between P and S waves to calculate the distance the epicenter was from the seismograph Doesn’t tell direction

INTENSITY OF QUAKE Depends on –energy released (magnitude) –distance from epicenter –rock type (soft=worse) –depth

SCALES Mercalli –Created in 1902 (before seismographs) –measures damage –I- XII –Depends on population, building type

Coldwater, MI 1947

RICHTER SCALE Developed by Charles Richter (1935) Measures ground shaking- each step is 10x higher wave amplitude Each step is 32x more energy- logarithmic 4.5 compared to 6.5 energy=

Richter Scale (M L ) Under 2 not felt by humans Designed for California shallow quakes Not accurate for large quakes

Moment- Magnitude Scale (M w ) More accurate than Richter, especially for large quakes Mw= Area of fault’s rupture X slippage X rock resistance

Where do quakes happen? At plate boundaries (most of the time)

Quakes outline plate boundaries

Depth of quakes

PLATE BOUNDARIES Divergent –small –shallow –normal faults

PLATE BOUNDARIES CONVERGENT –Most major quakes –reverse faults –Shallow through deep

PLATE BOUNDARIES INTRAPLATE –asthenosphere causes vertical movement? –Ancient faults?

Earthquake hazards Structural damage –Most prevalent Tsunamis Fires (electrical lines + gas lines) landslides

Peru 2007

Pakistan 2005

Chile Feb. 27, Mw Depth 35 km 486 deaths Reverse fault Moved Santiago 11 inches to the west

Alaskan school, Good Friday 1964

Olympia WA, 1949