INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

History of Cells Robert Hooke, 1665 Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674 Matthias Schleiden, 1838 Theodor Schwann, 1839 Rudolph Virchow, 1855 Janet Plowe, 1931

Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect.... (July 18, March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right). He was the first person to use the term “ cells ”.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms. He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.

Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden all plants are made of cells Cell Theory Theodore Schwann all animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow all cells came from pre-existing cells

Cell Theory all living things are made up of cells cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism new cells are produced from existing cells Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838) Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839) Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells (1855)

Cell Specialization Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks. Red Blood Cells Muscle Cells Stomata

Terms Cell – the smallest unit that can carry on the processes of life. Unicellular – consists of only one cell Multicellular – consists of more than one cell

Cell Types PROKARYOTE No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Small ribosomes Most cells are μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion years ago Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms EUKARYOTE Has nucleus Many organelles Larger ribosomes Cells can be between 2 - 1,000 μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion years ago Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Structure and Function of Cells Cell TypeExample Prokaryotic Bacteria Eukaryotic Protista Fungi Plants Animal

Prokaryotic Cells ia/

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Common Components and Cellular Organization Plasma Membrane – boundary surrounding the cell Genetic material: DNA – located in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm – Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst) Cytoskeleton – network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that maintains cell shape, allows movement

Features of Prokaryotic Cells All prokaryotic cells contain StructureFunction Plasma Membrane Regulates flow of substances into and out of cell Nucleoid Cytoplasmic region containing genetic material Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluid RibosomesEnzyme

Features of Prokaryotic Cells All prokaryotic cells contain StructureFunction Cell Wall Supports cell Maintains shape Capsule Protects from drying Protects against white blood cells Infolded Plasma Membranes Metabolism Cell division

Features of Prokaryotic Cells All prokaryotic cells contain StructureFunction Bacterial Flagellum Movement Plasmid Small circular DNA Replicates independently

Applying Your Knowledge 1.Cell Wall 2.Flagellum 3.Capsule 4.Plasmid 5.Nucleoid In bacterial cells: where is the genetic material located? which one is used for movement? which one provides structural support for the cell?

Prokaryotic Cell Video XRE XRE SMCmWB1s SMCmWB1s

Your Turn to Draw a Prokaryotic Cell Now I would like you in your groups to draw a prokaryotic cell on your paper. Make sure to label your parts. – Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you.

Vocabulary Pill Capsule Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Ribosomes DNA Flagellum Cytoplasm

Lets Review

Exit Card Tell me one thing that you learned about Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells Animal CellPlant Cell

Cell Parts Cells – the basic unit of life Organelles - small structures inside a cell with specific functions.

A) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane 1.Function: Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell. 2.Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins Cell membrane Analogy – Lyndhurst city limits

B) Cytoplasm 1.Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol) a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles. 2.Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for nucleus Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Lyndhurst, except City Hall Cytoplasm

C) Nucleus 1.Function: “Control Center.” Regulates DNA & RNA actions. 2.Structure: membrane bound, contains DNA Analogy – City Hall Nucleus

D) Nuclear Envelope 1.Function: Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus. 2.Structure: Double Layer of Lipids Nuclear Envelope

E) Nucleolus Analogy – The Mayor 1.Function: Produces RNA, which are used to make all proteins. 2.Structure: Inside Nucleus, separate from DNA Nucleolus

F) DNA Analogy – The Laws or City Code 1.Function: information on how to make proteins. a.Chromatin – unorganized DNA (normal state) b.Chromosomes – organized DNA (present before cell division 2.Structure: Made up of nucleotides, locked in the nucleus DNA (chromatin)

G) Endoplasmic Reticulum Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks 1.Function: Transportation route for proteins. a.Rough ER: has ribosomes b.Smooth ER: no ribosomes 2.Structure: tubes and channels Rough ER Smooth ER

H) Ribosomes Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders. 1.Function: Makes proteins. 2.Structure: small circular organelles Ribosomes Free Ribosomes

I) Vacuoles and Vesicles Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks. 1.Function: Storage for water, nutrients or waste. 2.Structure: small membrane-bound organelle. Vesicles

J) Lysosomes Analogy – Recycling center 1.Function: packets of enzymes that break down materials in a cell. 2.Structure: Small membrane-bound organelles Lysosomes

K) Mitochondria Analogy – PG&E, Electric Companies 1.Function: Produce energy for the cell – site of cellular respiration. “The Powerhouse” 2.Structure: Double membrane-bound, kidney shaped. Mitochondria

L) Golgi Apparatus Analogy – Post Office 1.Function: Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell. 2.Structure: Pancake-shaped layered organelle Golgi Apparatus

M) Cytoskeleton Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams 1.Function: Provide support and structure for the cell. a. Microfilaments b. Microtubules 2.Structure: Tubules Microfilaments Microtubules

N) Centrioles (Animals Only) Analogy – Lyndhurst vs. North Arlington 1.Function: microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division. Structure: Tubules Centrioles

O) Cilia & Flagella Analogy – Cars or bicycles. 1.Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell. 2.Structure: a. Flagella – 1 long fiber b. Cilia – many short fibers Flagella Cilia

O) Cilia & Flagella Analogy – Cars or bicycles. 1.Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell. 2.Structure: a. Flagella – 1 long fiber b. Cilia – many short fibers Flagella Cilia

P) Chloroplasts (Plants only) Analogy – Solar Panels 1.Function: site of photosynthesis (converting sun and CO2 into sugar). 2.Structure: Membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts

Q) Cell Wall (Plant cells only) Analogy – ground, rock wall 1.Function: Provides support for the cell and the plant. 2.Structure: Made of cellulose Cell Wall

Video Animal Cell – Plant Cell – E E

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Your Turn to Draw a Eukaryotic Cell Now I would like you in your groups to draw a prokaryotic cell on your paper. – Left Side of the room – Plant Cell – Right Side of the room – Animal Cell Make sure to label your parts. – Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you

Vocabulary Nucleus Plasma Membrane Ribosomes Cytoplasm Mitochondria Golgi bodies Lysosomes Endoplasm Cell Wall Chloroplasts Flagella

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Cell Raps zafJKbMPA8 zafJKbMPA8 2Ci8 2Ci8

Lets Review