AP World History Mr. Charnley

 European Political Ideologies  Conservatives ▪ Monarchies and religious institutions provide stability ▪ Opposed to revolutionary ideals  Liberals ▪ Limit government interference in citizens’ lives ▪ Constitution and protection of individual rights ▪ Limited voting rights ▪ Economic reforms for industrial growth  Radicals ▪ Democratic representative government ▪ Social reforms for lower class ▪ Universal voting rights

 Napoleonic Wars ( )  Anti-French sentiment among European nations  Europe sought to restore balance of power to prewar conditions  Congress of Vienna (1815)  Sought to limit power of France  Wanted to restore ‘balance of power’ in Europe  Gave territory to German and Italian states  Britain gained new colonies  Russia retained most of Poland

 Revolutions of 1820  Greece ▪ Gained independence from Ottoman Empire ▪ Began decline of Ottoman power in Europe  Spain ▪ Spanish military mutinied, demanded constitutional monarchy ▪ France sent troops to crush the rebellion and restore absolutism

 Revolutions of 1830  France ▪ July Revolution ▪ Establishes constitutional monarchy  Belgium ▪ Belgian Revolution ▪ Gains independence from Netherlands  Poland ▪ November Uprising ▪ Failed attempt to gain independence from Russia

 Industrialization  Working class ▪ Used political institutions to fight for industrial reform  Displaced artisan class ▪ Afraid of being displaced by industrial factory system  Charist movement ▪ British artisans and workers demanded the right to vote ▪ Regulate technology and promote education

 France  February Revolution  Overthrew monarchy  Established a republic  Artisans demanded social reforms  Women demanded right to vote  Republic overthrown by Louis Napoleon III and replaced by an empire

 German states, Italian states, Habsburg Empire  Demand for constitutional monarchy  Artisans wanted limits on industrialization  Peasants wanted end to feudalism  National unity  Rights for individual ethnic groups

 Effects  Opposed by conservatives and liberals  Harshly suppressed by government militaries  Countries improved infrastructure to prevent natural disasters  social status was based on wealth, not nobility  Artisan class lost political power

 Neo-Conservatives  Sought to preserve aristocracy and monarchy  Used nationalism to promote existing social hierarchy  Promoted expansionism and imperialism to win popular support

 Cavour  Promoted industrialization in northern Italy  Extended power of parliament  Allied with France to drive Austria out of northern Italian states  Unified Italy under king of Piedmont  Weakened power of papacy

 Garibaldi  Revolutionary leader in southern Italy  ‘Red Shirts’  Overthrew monarchy and handed southern Italy over to Cavour  1871 Papal States are forced to surrender, lose all territory except Vatican City

 Bismarck  ‘blood and iron’  Realpolitik  Allied with Austria to defeat Denmark and regain ethnically German lands (1863)  Defeated Austria make Prussia the dominant German state (1866)  Defeated France to unify German states under Prussia (1871)

 American Civil War   Asserted power of the national government over regional authorities  Abolished slavery  First war to use industrial-era weapons and technology

 France  Defeated in Franco- Prussian War  Overthrew Louis Napoleon  Established republic ▪ Universal male voting ▪ Weakened Catholic Church ▪ Improved education ▪ No major social reforms

1780 to 1890

 Causes  Enlightenment ▪ slavery violates natural rights ▪ emphasis on liberty and equality  Religious ▪ Quakers and Protestant evangelicals morally opposed to slavery  Economic ▪ new technology, industrialization  Political ▪ Haitian Revolution

 Activism  Abolitionist movement gains support among middle and working class  Methods: pamphlets, petitions, boycotts, public meetings  Leadership of William Wilberforce

 Timeline  1807: Britain forbade sale of slaves in empire  1834: emancipation of remaining slaves  1850s : Most new Latin American countries abolished slavery  1861: Russia emancipates serfs  1863: USA Emancipation Proclamation  1888: Brazil became the last to abolish slavery

 Plantation owners and slave traders resisted  USA Civil War, , was most prolonged struggle to end slavery

 Outcomes  Freed but not equal citizens  Only in Haiti was land redistributed  Shortage of plantation labor  African slaves were replaced by indentured servants  Emancipated serfs in Russia remained poor

 Olympe de Gouges  wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women  1792, during French Revolution  New educational, employment, and social opportunities  1848 Seneca Falls Convention  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  Susan B. Anthony  Demanded access to schools, professions, and voting

 By 1900, a small number of upper and middle class women had gained entrance to universities  US– states passed laws allowing women to control their own property, divorce  Teaching, nursing and social work (Jane Adams)  Women ultimately gained the right to vote  New Zealand in 1893  USA in 1920 (19 th Amendment)  France in 1945