P HI T S Exercises using Recommendation Settings and Utilities Multi-Purpose Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System title1 Jun revised

Recommendation Settings Utilities Summary and Homework Contents2 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

What is Recommendation Settings? 3Recommendation Settings I cannot understand the appropriate parameter setting even if I read PHITS manual carefully We prepared several examples of PHITS input files for various calculation conditions, and uploaded to PHITS website FAQ Our Reply

List of Recommendation Settings 4 DetectorResponse.inp Detector response calculation (event-by-event information) Shielding.inp Shielding calculation using [t-track], example of complex geometry ParticleTherapy.inp Dose & LET distribution calculation for charged particle therapy PhotonTherapy.inp Dose & particle fluence calculation for X-ray therapy SemiConductor.inp Dose calculation inside a tiny region for SER estimation NuclearReaction.inp Double differential cross sections by calculating fluence of secondaries H10multiplier.inp H*(10) in water using [t-track] in combination with [multiplier] Counter.inp Dose deposited from primary and secondary particles using [counter] Recommendation Settings

Utilities Summary and Homework Contents5 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

ParticleTherapy.inp 6ParticleTherapy [t-deposit] (file=dose) Depth-dose distribution in water [t-deposit] (file=dose-equivalent.out) Depth-dose-equivalent distribution in water [t-LET] Probability density of LET in water [t-SED] Probability density of lineal energy in water 10 cm Carbon 200 MeV/u Water Phantom Tally

Dose and Dose Equivalent 7 r-z mesh Dose.epsDose-equivalent.eps [ T - Deposit ] mesh = r-z r-type = 2 rmin = rmax = nr = 1 z-type = 2 zmin = zmax = nz = 100 dedxfnc = 0 [ T - Deposit ] dedxfnc = 1 Z R Output quantities are weighted by the function written in usrdfn1.f Q(L) relationship is given as default Dose is converted into Dose equivalent! ParticleTherapy

Probability Density of LET & y 8 LET-distribution.eps (page 1: front surface) y-distribution.eps (page 1: front surface) LET of C(200 MeV/u) = 16 keV/  m y*f(y) broad distribution even for mono-energetic incidence L*f(L) has Sharp peak [T-LET][T-SED] ParticleTherapy

Change Incident Particle 9 [ S o u r c e ] s-type = 1 proj = 12C e0 = r0 = x0 = y0 = z0 = z1 = dir = cm Carbon 200 MeV/u Water Phantom 10 cm (0,0,-20) Z X Y Proton Dose.eps Execute Proton 10cm water is too short to stop 200 MeV proton! [ T - Deposit ] … [ T - Deposit ] … [ T – L E T ]... [ T – S E D ]... [ T - Deposit ] … [ T - Deposit ] off … [ T – L E T ] off... [ T – S E D ] off... ParticleTherapy

Change Geometry 10General description [ C e l l ] E # [ S u r f a c e ] 1 pz E+00 2 pz E+01 3 cz E so E cm Carbon 200 MeV/u Water Phantom 10 cm (0,0,-20) Z X Y E+01 Dose.eps Proton 10 cm 30 cm Forgot to change tally region!!! Execute

Change Tally Region 11 [ T - Deposit ] title = depth-dose d mesh = r-z x0 = y0 = r-type = 2 rmin = rmax = nr = 1 z-type = 2 zmin = zmax = nz = 100 Dose.eps [ C e l l ] E # [ S u r f a c e ] 1 pz E+00 2 pz E+01 3 cz E so E+02 set: c1[30.0] c1 10 cm Carbon 200 MeV/u Water Phantom (0,0,-20) Z X Y Proton 10 cm 30 cm Statistics is not enough!! ParticleTherapy

Restart Calculation 12 Dose.eps [ P a r a m e t e r s ] icntl = 0 maxcas = 100 maxbch = cm Carbon 200 MeV/u Water Phantom (0,0,-20) Z X Y Proton 10 cm 30 cm Finally, we obtained the depth-dose distribution in water irradiated by 200 MeV proton with enough statistics!! Execute ParticleTherapy istdev = -1

Recommendation Settings Utilities Summary and Homework Contents13 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

H10multiplier.inp 14H10multiplier [t-track] Calculate dose from fluences of particle multiplied with dose conversion coefficients. In this case, dose conversion coefficients for H*(10) are defined in [multiplier] section [t-heat] Calculate dose using Kerma Approximation [t-deposit] Calculate dose from the ionization energy of charged particles 100 cm 400 MeV Neutron Concrete 3 ways to calculate “Dose” in PHITS 100 cm Air

Results of Each Tally 15 [T-Track][T-Heat] [T-Deposit] [t-track] Fluence multiplied with H*(10) dose conversion coefficients → No gap between concrete and air [t-heat] Kerma approximation for low-energy neutrons and photons → There is a gap between concrete and air [t-deposit] Ionizing energy of charged particles → There is a gap between concrete and air. Large uncertainties in air H10multiplier

Calculation of H*(10) and Effective Dose 16 [ Multiplier ] number = -250 interpolation = log ne = E E+00*3600*1.0e E E+00*3600*1.0e E E+00*3600*1.0e-6... [ T - T r a c k ] title = H*(10) in xyz mesh in uSv/h... multiplier = all part = neutron emax = mat mset1 mset2 all ( ) ( ) multiplier = all part = photon emax = mat mset1 mset2 all ( ) ( ) Fluence calculated by [t-track] can be multiplied with several functions that are pre-defined or defined in [multiplier] section H*(10) conversion coefficient for neutron(-250) and photon (-251) defined in [multiplier] Predefined Effective dose conversion coefficients for neutron (-102) and photon (-114) H*(10) conversion coefficient for neutron(-250) and photon (-251) defined in [multiplier] Predefined Effective dose conversion coefficients for neutron (-102) and photon (-114) Track.eps They seem to be almost the same! H*(10) (Page 1) Effective Dose (Page 2) H10multiplier

Change Axis 17 [ T - T r a c k ] title = H*(10) in xy part = ( neutron photon ) mesh = xyz x-type = 2 xmin = xmax = 60.0 nx = 60 y-type = 2 ymin = ymax = 60.0 ny = 1 z-type = 2 zmin = 0.0 zmax = nz = 60 e-type = 1 ne = E E+03 unit = 1 material = all axis = xz file = track.out 2D-plot (contour map) to 1D-plot (histogram) 2D-plot (contour map) to 1D-plot (histogram) Track.eps Tough to compare because each scale is automatically adjusted 1 z H*(10) (Page 1) Effective Dose (Page 2) Avoid to output too much graphs Execute H10multiplier

Adjust Scale 18 [ T - T r a c k ] title = H*(10) in xy part = ( neutron photon ) mesh = xyz x-type = 2 xmin = xmax = 60.0 nx = 60 y-type = 2 ymin = ymax = 60.0 ny = 1 z-type = 2 zmin = 0.0 zmax = nz = 60 e-type = 1 ne = E E+03 unit = 1 material = all axis = xz file = track.out Add ANGEL parameter (min & max for y-axis) Add ANGEL parameter (min & max for y-axis) Track.eps 1 z H*(10) (Page 1) Effective Dose (Page 2) angel = ymin(5.e-05) ymax(5.e-4) H10multiplier H*(10) < Effective dose Execute

Execute Only ANGEL 19 # 行目 #newpage: # no. = 1 ie = 1 ix = 1 iy = 1 … x: z[cm] y: Flux [1/cm^2/source] p: xlin ylog afac(0.8) form(0.9) p: ymin(5.e-05) ymax(5.0e-4) h: n x y(p1-group),hh0l n # z-lower z-upper flux r.err E E E … # 行目 newpage: # no. = 2 ie = 1 ix = 1 iy = 1 … x: z[cm] y: Flux [1/cm^2/source] p: xlin ylog afac(0.8) form(0.9) p: ymin(5.e-05) ymax(5.0e-4) h: n x y(p1-group),hh0l n # z-lower z-upper flux r.err E E E Change Legend Do not use “(“ and “)” Change Legend Do not use “(“ and “)” H10multiplier H10 Effective # Right click “Track2.out” → Sendto → ANGEL Comment out (Same format as PHITS input file) Comment out (Same format as PHITS input file) Specify line color (r: red, b: blue, g: green etc) Do not insert space between “hh0l” and color ID Specify line color (r: red, b: blue, g: green etc) Do not insert space between “hh0l” and color ID r Track2.eps Copy “Track.out” to “Track2.out”, and Edit

Contributions from High- and Low-Energy Particles 20 [ T - T r a c k ] title = H*(10) in xy part = ( neutron photon ) mesh = xyz x-type = 2 xmin = xmax = 60.0 nx = 1 y-type = 2 ymin = ymax = 60.0 ny = 1 z-type = 2 zmin = 0.0 zmax = nz = 60 e-type = 1 ne = E E+03 unit = 1 material = all axis = z file = track.out H*(10) Effective Dose angel = ymin(1.e-05) ymax(2.e-4) H10multiplier E+03 2 Low Energy (page1) High Energy (page2) Low Energy (page3) High Energy (page4) Execute ≅ < Divide the energy bin into high- and low- energy region

Recommendation Settings Utilities Summary and Homework Contents21 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

Contents of Utilities 22Utilities Animation Create an animation of particle trajectories Rotate3dshow Rotate the geometry depicted by [t-3dshow] SimpleGEO Instruction for how to use SimpleGEO for PHITS input generator Autorun Shell script for successively executing PHITS by slightly changing calculation conditions Animation Rotate3dshow SimpleGEO

Recommendation Settings Utilities Summary and Homework Contents23 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

How to Create Animation 24Animation Required Software ImageMagick ( Software that can convert a multiple-page EPS file into a GIF animation Procedures 1. Execute PHITS Calculate the time-dependence of particle fluences or deposition energies by introducing “t-type” in PHITS input file 2. Edit EPS file generated by PHITS 1. Open EPS file “track.eps” with your text editor 2. Search the word “PageBoundingBox” twice 3. Change the first 2 numbers to 0, and save the file 3. Convert the EPS file to GIF animation using ImageMagick 1. Open “command prompt” 2. Move to the folder including the EPS file 3. Type ‘convert -dispose background -rotate 90 XXX.eps XXX.gif‘ %PageBoundingBox: %PageBoundingBox:

Increase the Time Resolution 25Animation [ T - T r a c k ] C -- Contour figure Tally -- mesh = xyz... t-type = 2 nt = 20 # Number of frame tmin = 0.00 # Initial time (nsec) tmax = 40 # Final time (nsec)... angel = cmin(1.e-05) cmax(1.e+00) epsout = 1 animation.inp 60 Increase the frame number Execute PHITS Edit EPS file Convert EPS to GIF 20 frame 60 frame

Recommendation Settings Utilities Summary and Homework Contents26 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

How to use SimpleGEO for PHITS 27SimpleGEO Required Software SimpleGEO ＆ Its plugin package (only for Windows) Download site: Procedures 1. Make geometry using SimpleGEO You have to define void (or air) region too. See manual of SimpleGEO 2. Export the geometry to PHITS readable format (File → Export → PHITS) Only [cell] & [surface] sections are generated 3. Make PHITS input file except for [cell] & [surface] sections Include the exported file using “infl:” command 4. Execute PHITS using the input file 5. Visualize the tally results obtained from “mesh=xyz” in SimpleGEO Load “DaVis3D” in SimpleGEO (Macros → Load Plugins → DaVis3D) Select the xyz-mesh tally results, and visualize in SimpleGEO

[ S u r f a c e ] c Body 1 RCC c Headball 2 SPH c LeftEye 3 SPH c OuterSphere 4 SPH c Outmostsphere 5 SPH c RightEye 6 SPH Change Geometry in SimpleGEO 28SimpleGEO [ C e l l ] c Body c Eyes : -3 c Head #2 c Void #2 #3 c Outervoid [ S u r f a c e ] c Body 1 RCC c Headball 2 SPH c LeftEye 3 SPH c OuterSphere 4 SPH c Outmostsphere 5 SPH c RightEye 6 SPH c leg1 7 RCC c leg2 8 RCC doll.pht [ C e l l ] c Body c Eyes : -3 c Head #2 c Void #2 # c Outervoid c leg c leg Export to PHITS

Visualize Tally Result in 3D 29SimpleGEO SimpleGEO.inp [ T - Deposit ] title = [t-deposit] in xyz mesh mesh = xyz # mesh type is xyz scoring mesh x-type = 2 # x-mesh is linear given by xmin, xmax and nx xmin = # minimum value of x-mesh points xmax = # maximum value of x-mesh points nx = 20 # number of x-mesh points y-type = 2 # y-mesh is linear given by ymin, ymax and ny ymin = # minimum value of y-mesh points ymax = # maximum value of y-mesh points ny = 20 # number of y-mesh points z-type = 2 # z-mesh is linear given by zmin, zmax and nz zmin = # minimum value of z-mesh points zmax = # maximum value of z-mesh points nz = 40 # number of z-mesh points Extend the tally region Execute 1.Select ‘Macros -> Load Plugins -> DaVis3D’ 2.Press ‘DaVis3D‘ button 3.Select ‘deposity-xy.out’ and press ‘Load data’ SimpleGEO

Recommendation Settings Utilities Summary and Homework Contents30 ParticleTherapy H10mupliplier Animation of Particle Trajectories SimpleGEO Contents

It is difficult to make PHITS input file all by yourself It is better to select an appropriate recommendation setting, and edit the file for your calculation condition You can enjoy PHITS more using the utilities! Summary Dose distribution in PHITS-shaped water phantom irradiated by 1 GeV protons

Summary32 1.Calculate the depth-dose distributions for various radial distances inside cylindrical water phantom irradiated by 11 B 250 MeV/u beam 2.Separate the depth-dose distributions into the contributions from neutron, proton, He, Li, Be, B 3.Divide the phantom into 2 layers, composed of water and Aluminum (2.7 g/cm 3 ) respectively. 4.Obtain better statistic data by increasing the history number or by using the restart function Homework Hints Use 1 st [t-deposit] tally in “ParticleTherapy” in “recommendation” folder Increase the number of the radial bins in the [t-deposit] tally Comment out unnecessary tallies using “off” command for speed up Setup appropriate source particles and energy in [source] section Specify particle type in the [t-deposit] tally Add new material (Al), surface, and cells to set up geometry

Summary33 Example of Simulation Results Depth dose distributions for r < 1 cm and 1 cm < r < 2 cm r < 1 cm1 cm < r < 2 cm Let’s think about … What kinds of particles contribute to the dose behind Bragg peak? Why dose suddenly increase at the depth of 5 cm? Why we cannot see the neutron contributions in these graphs?