Intelligence and Testing Unit 8

Theories of Intelligence  What makes up intelligence  Charles Spearman  Howard Gardner  L.L. Thurstone  Robert Sternberg  Daniel Goleman

Charles Spearman (1904)  Two-Factor Theory  1 st factor = g  General intelligence  Problem solving  2 nd factor = s  Specific mental abilities  Verbal or math skills

L.L Thurstone (1938)  Intelligences needs to be a measure of all 7 abilities…not just 1 factor  Verbal comprehension  Numerical ability  Spatial relations  Perceptual speed  Word fluency  Memory  Inductive reasoning

Howard Gardner (1983)  Linguistic  Logical and Mathematical  Visual and Spatial  Musical  Bodily and Kinesthetic  Interpersonal  Intrapersonal  Naturalist Multiple Intelligences (8)

Critics of Gardner  Are these really Intelligences or “skills”  Intelligence and talent are 2 different things

Robert Sternberg (1985)  Intelligence = 3 ways of processing information  Analytical  Creative  Practical

Emotional Intelligence (1997)  Daniel Goleman  Related to Gardner’s concepts of inter- and intra- personal…  4 major aspects  Perceive and express emotions accurately and appropriately accurately and appropriately  Use emotions while thinking  Understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively  Regulate one’s emotions and promote personal growth

Intelligence Testing  Alfred Binet  “slow learners”  Lewis Terman  Stanford –Binet  William Stern  MA/CA X 100 = IQ

Intelligence Testing  David Wechsler  WISC  WAIS  Performance  Area scores

Sample Wechsler

Army  WWI  Pencil and paper  Give to the masses

Personality Tests  Objective  MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)  560+ questions  True/False/Can’t say  Patterns of response

MMPI  Sample questions 1.I like mechanics magazines 2.I have a good appetite 3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings 4.I think I would like the work of a librarian 5.I am easily awakened by noise 6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime 7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough 8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested 11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning from them 12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories 13.I work under a great deal of tension 14.I have diarrhea once a month or more 22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control 23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting 24.No one seems to understand me 27.Evil spirits possess me at times 28.When someone does me a wrong I feel I should pay him back if I can, just for the principle of the thing.

Personality Tests  Objective  The Meyers-Briggs  Extrovert vs. introvert  Sensing vs. intuitive  Feeling vs. thinking  Judging vs. perceptive

Meyers-Briggs

Personality Tests  Projective  Rorschach  Themes

Personality Tests  Projective  TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)  CAT (Children’s Apperception Test)

Personality Tests  Projective  Draw- A- House/Person/Tree

Other Types of Tests  Aptitude  talents  Achievement  learned  Interest  Preferences/attitudes

Test Characteristics  Reliability  Test-retest  Inter-scorer  Split-half  Validity  Predictive

Test Standardization  Standardization  Same every time  Establish Norms  Raw Score  Percentile System