Unit 3 Chapter 8: Confederation to Constitution This presentation follows materials presented in Unit 3 of the McDougal Littell textbook: Creating America

I. The Confederation Era

A. Transition Time 1.Many settlers, like Daniel Boone, moved west on Wilderness Road after the Revolution a.These people fought the Native Americans that already lived there

2.People in the East created new state governments a.All states had: i.State constitution w/ Bill of Rights to limit national government’s power ii.Republican Government: people elect representatives to govern them A. Transition Time

B. Northwest Territory 1.Land Ordinance of 1785: divides the land to SELL a.Land divided into a grid of 36 square miles to create “townships” b.Every 16 th section was for FREE education

2.Northwest Ordinance (1787) : Governing the land & steps for statehood a.Set conditions for settling the land b.Gave an orderly way for territories to become states. B. Northwest Territory

AMERICA’S 1 ST CONSTITUTION II. The Articles of Confederation

A. Articles of Confederation 1.1 st form of government a.States had the most powers 2.National Governments could: a.Wage War b.Make Peace c.Sign Treaties d.Issue money

3.State Governments could: a.Set Taxes b.Enforce Federal Laws c.Control land in Northwest Territory A. Articles of Confederation

1.National Government could not: a.Enforce the laws b.Control Trade c.Tax (could not pay off debt) 2.No National Army 3.Amendments (changes) took ALL 13 states’ approval B. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

C. Shays’s Rebellion 1.Massachusetts was charging citizens high taxes but most of them could not pay a.Many began losing their farms and were sent to jail 2.Farmers rebelled under Daniel Shays but were defeated by the militia Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Continental army, wounded in action, finally left the army in 1780 because he did not receive the pay promised him. Like hundreds of other unpaid army veterans, Shays found himself in court for nonpayment of debts when he returned home. He organized 700 armed farmers, most of them veterans of the war, led them to the Massachusetts capitol, and broke up a court which was passing judgment on war veterans for nonpayment of debts. In 1787, he marched a thousand men toward Boston but they were defeated by a blizzard and an army unit led by General Benjamin Lincoln supported by money raised by Boston merchants.

3.Shays’s Rebellion scared many citizens and the states and national governments 4.Led to the Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation C. Shays’s Rebellion

D. Events leading to Constitution 1.Shays’s Rebellion 2.Annapolis Convention a.Only 5 states showed up b.Needed ALL 13 states to change the Articles 3.Constitutional Convention a.Summer 1787 b.Philadelphia c.Only 12 states showed up Above: Maryland State House, where the Annapolis Convention met in September Below: First page of the report of the Annapolis Convention, forerunner of the Constitutional Convention.

III. Creating the Constitution

A. The Constitutional Convention 1.12 of the 13 states sent delegates to Philadelphia. 2.Only Rhode Island refused to attend. 3.George Washington was chosen as President of the Convention. 4.Meetings were ABSOLUTELY SECRET.

5.The delegates known as our Founding Fathers. 6.James Madison a.Took notes of every meeting b.Many ideas in Constitution were his c.“Father of the Constitution” A. The Constitutional Convention

7.Because one state was missing, they could not change the Articles. 8.Design new plan for gov’t. 9.The Challenge: create a strong but limited federal gov’t. A. The Constitutional Convention

B. The Virginia Plan 1.Edmund Randolph of VA 2.Proposed a national government made up of 3 parts. a.Legislative -makes laws (Congress) b.Executive -enforces laws (President) c.Judicial –interprets laws (Supreme Court)

3.Legislature: 2 houses a.Number of representatives based on population of state b.Congress could levy (set) taxes, regulate commerce, make laws 4.Large states liked it, small states didn’t B. The Virginia Plan

C. The New Jersey Plan 1.Legislature: 1 house 2.Each state: 1 vote 3.Small states liked it, large states didn’t.

D. The Great Compromise 1.2 Houses in Congress 2.Decided how many REPRESENTATIVES each state would have in Congress a.Each state would have equal number of representatives in Senate b.Representation in House of Representatives based on population of states Congress Senate House of Reps. EQUAL Representation PROPORTIONAL Representation

E. The Three-Fifths Compromise 1.WHO would be counted as “Population” for representation 2.Southern States wanted to count slaves a “Population”, so they could have more representatives 3.Northern states said no because slaves are not citizens COMPROMISE: 3 out of 5 Slaves count for representation

F. The United States Constitution 1.Document that created the U.S. Government 2.Preamble: “We the People” and 7 Articles a.Article I: Legislature Branch b.Article II: Executive Branch c.Article III: Judicial Branch d.Article V: Amending the Constitution

A. 7 PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION IV. The U.S. Constitution and its Principles

3. Federalism FEDERAL STATE 1. Collect Taxes 2. Establish Courts 3. Regulate Interstate Commerce 4. Regulate Banks 5. Borrow Money 6. Enforce Laws 7. Build Roads 8.Charter Banks CONCURRENT POWERS a. national and state governments share powers 1.Maintain military 2.Declare War 3.Establish a postal system 4.Set standards for weights & measures 5.Protect copyrights & patents 6.Coin Money 7.Govern territories & admit new states 1.Establish local gov’ts 2.Establish & maintain schools 3.Regulate state commerce 4.Make marriage and divorce laws 5.Provide for public safety 6.Conduct elections

A. 7 Principles of the Constitution 4.Republicanism a.the power of electing representatives rests with the people 5.Popular Sovereignty a.final authority in government rests with the people 6.Limited Government a.government must obey its own laws

7.Individual Rights a.Bill of Rights b.rights that cannot be taken away such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness A. 7 Principles of the Constitution

V. Ratifying the Constitution

A. Federalists 1.BIG GOVERNMENT 2.Wanted government to be controlled by wealthy & educated 3.WHO: Businessmen, Bankers 4.LEADERS: a.Alexander Hamilton b.James Madison c.John Jay Supported a Strong Federal Government & Constitution Government People Supported the Constitution

A. Anti - Federalists 1.LIMITED GOVERNMENT 2.Wanted government to be controlled by ordinary citizens 3.WHO: Farmers, Skilled Workers 4.LEADERS: a.George Mason b.Patrick Henry NOT Did NOT Want a Strong Federal Government & Did Not Want Constitution People Government Opposed Constitution: No Bill of Rights

B. The Federalist Papers 1.Founding Fathers printed the Constitution in pamphlet and newspapers 2.Knew people would not understand so… 3.Wrote “letters” to newspapers explaining how the new Constitution worked 1.85 Essays written by 1.Alexander Hamilton 2.James Madison 3.John Jay

C. Ratification 1.In order to pass, 9 of the 13 states had to ratify. 2.Some states would NOT sign without a Bill of Rights. 3.Rhode Island was the last state to ratify in 1790, 1 year after Washington was elected President

D. The Bill of Rights 1.James Madison took 210 Amendments and edited those down to The Bill of Rights would “fortify the rights of the people against the encrouchments of the government.” 1.Protect people from the government