Chapter 6 Fingerprinting

History of Fingerprinting William Herschel -1 st official use of fingerprints required natives of India to affix their print to contract William Herschel -1 st official use of fingerprints required natives of India to affix their print to contract

1880- Dr. Henry Faulds -1 st to publish article suggesting ridge patterns could be used for identification Dr. Henry Faulds -1 st to publish article suggesting ridge patterns could be used for identification

1882- Gilbert Thompson -1 st to use fingerprints in the US -added his print to US Geological Survey document Alphonse Bertillon -introduces anthropometry -use of body measurements to ID person Gilbert Thompson -1 st to use fingerprints in the US -added his print to US Geological Survey document Alphonse Bertillon -introduces anthropometry -use of body measurements to ID person

(1903- Will West / William West case is noted as the demise of the Bertillon Method of Identification. Two men had the exact same measurements but different fingerprints. This incident happened at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas. )

Will West's Bertillon Measurements 178.5; 187.0; 91.2; 19.7; 15.8; 14.8; 6.6; 28.2; 12.3; 9.7

William West's Bertillon Measurements 177.5; 188.0; 91.3; 19.8; 15.9; 14.8; 6.5; 27.5; 12.2; 9.6; 50.3

1891- Dr. Juan Vucetich -devised classification system still used today in Spanish speaking countries 1st 10 print card Dr. Juan Vucetich -devised classification system still used today in Spanish speaking countries 1st 10 print card

1892- Francis Galton -published Fingerprints -discusses pattern types, uniqueness & permanence of prints -devised 1 st classification system Francis Galton -published Fingerprints -discusses pattern types, uniqueness & permanence of prints -devised 1 st classification system

1897- Edward Richard Henry -proposed classification system adopted by most English speaking countries Edward Richard Henry -proposed classification system adopted by most English speaking countries

1902- US 1 st used fingerprints for NY Civil Service Commission applicants -1 st time fingerprints used for ID of criminals in England US 1 st used fingerprints for NY Civil Service Commission applicants -1 st time fingerprints used for ID of criminals in England

1904- US penitentiary in Kansas & St. Louis police dept. establish fingerprint bureaus 1924 – Identification Division of FBI established (national repository and clearinghouse) Latent fingerprint section of FBI established US penitentiary in Kansas & St. Louis police dept. establish fingerprint bureaus 1924 – Identification Division of FBI established (national repository and clearinghouse) Latent fingerprint section of FBI established

st phase of automated system IAFIS- Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (now used), also called AFIS st phase of automated system IAFIS- Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (now used), also called AFIS

Now- -over 250 million sets of prints on file on cards (enough for 133 stacks the height of Empire State building) -over 55 million prints in the computerized automated system -FBI gets prints/day, 7 days/wk Now- -over 250 million sets of prints on file on cards (enough for 133 stacks the height of Empire State building) -over 55 million prints in the computerized automated system -FBI gets prints/day, 7 days/wk

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics

Ridge Characteristics (aka. Minutiae) ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, crossings, islands, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established Individuality is established by comparing identity, number and location of ridge characteristics Ridge Characteristics (aka. Minutiae) ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, crossings, islands, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established Individuality is established by comparing identity, number and location of ridge characteristics

-there are more than 150 individual ridge characteristics on each fingerprint (need 8-16 points of comparison to establish individuality)

1-island 2-bifurcation 3-dot 4-ending ridge 5-bifurcation 6-island 7&8-bifurcation 9-ending ridge 10-island

2. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individuals lifetime. -can’t change a print, scars leave another link for comparison Ex. Dillinger- Acid soaked- still make out 14 pts. of comparison (p. 139 ) 2. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individuals lifetime. -can’t change a print, scars leave another link for comparison Ex. Dillinger- Acid soaked- still make out 14 pts. of comparison (p. 139 )

Skin Structure

Dermal papillae 1-2 mm beneath the skin surface Determines the ridge pattern (developed as fetus-unchanged through life) 1-2 mm beneath the skin surface Determines the ridge pattern (developed as fetus-unchanged through life)

Latent Prints Made by deposit of oils and/or perspiration from sweat glands on surface (invisible to naked eye)

3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified

Loops % Ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around & exit same side, one delta Ulnar loop- opens toward little finger Radial loop- opens toward thumb % Ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around & exit same side, one delta Ulnar loop- opens toward little finger Radial loop- opens toward thumb

Whorls 30-35% Ridge lines are rounded or circular in shape, have 2 deltas Types: plain, central pocket loop, double loop, accidental 30-35% Ridge lines are rounded or circular in shape, have 2 deltas Types: plain, central pocket loop, double loop, accidental

PlainCentral PocketDouble LoopAccidental

Arches 5% Ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side, no deltas Types- plain or tented 5% Ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side, no deltas Types- plain or tented

Tented arch Plain arch

Classification of Fingerprints Henry Primary (FBI) Classification Converts ridge patterns into a series of numbers arranged in a form of a fraction Look for the presence of a whorl, if a finger is a whorl substitute the numbers for the terms of the fingers in the formula Converts ridge patterns into a series of numbers arranged in a form of a fraction Look for the presence of a whorl, if a finger is a whorl substitute the numbers for the terms of the fingers in the formula

Henry Formula: RI + RR+ LT + LM + LL +1 RT + RM + RL + LI + LR Henry Formula: RI + RR+ LT + LM + LL +1 RT + RM + RL + LI + LR

Ex. Whorl on Right Ring, right thumb /17 Ex. Whorl on Right Ring, right thumb /17

What is a 17/9? Whorls on Right index, right middle What is a 17/9? Whorls on Right index, right middle

What is a 21/5? Whorls on right index, left thumb and right little What is a 21/5? Whorls on right index, left thumb and right little

Automated Fingerprint Identification System AFIS Uses automatic scanning devices that convert the image of the fingerprint into digital minutiae that contains data showing ridges & branches Can search set of 10 prints against 500,000 “10-print” cards in 8/10 sec. AFIS Uses automatic scanning devices that convert the image of the fingerprint into digital minutiae that contains data showing ridges & branches Can search set of 10 prints against 500,000 “10-print” cards in 8/10 sec.

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Types of Crime Scene Fingerprints: Visible- made when a finger deposits a visible material – such as dirt, blood Plastic – fingerprint impressed on a soft surface (wax, gum) Latent – transfer of body perspiration or oils (visualizing latent prints depends on the surface they are found on) Types of Crime Scene Fingerprints: Visible- made when a finger deposits a visible material – such as dirt, blood Plastic – fingerprint impressed on a soft surface (wax, gum) Latent – transfer of body perspiration or oils (visualizing latent prints depends on the surface they are found on)

Methods of Detecting Latent Prints: 1. Powders (hard. Non absorbent surface) 2. Chemicals: Iodine Ninhydrin (reacts w amino acids) Silver Nitrate (AgNO 3 )- sweat/salts Cyanoacrylate ester (super glue) Methods of Detecting Latent Prints: 1. Powders (hard. Non absorbent surface) 2. Chemicals: Iodine Ninhydrin (reacts w amino acids) Silver Nitrate (AgNO 3 )- sweat/salts Cyanoacrylate ester (super glue)

3. Laser (Once visualized prints are photographed or bagged if small or lifted if immovable) 3. Laser (Once visualized prints are photographed or bagged if small or lifted if immovable)