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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 2 Figure 12.2b Diencephalon  Thalamus  Hypothalamus  Epithalamus  Subthalamus  Methathalamus  Retina  Clinical points Anatomy Function

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 7 Diencephalon

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 8 Cerebrum It is derived from prosencephalon and is the largest part of brain It consists of two parts : –Diencephalon, which is a symmetrical central core of the brain –Telencephalon, which forms cerebral hemispheres

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 9 Diencephalon, or 3 rd ventricle & its walls Located between midbrain and cerebral hemisphere Consists of a thin & slit like cavity called; 3 rd ventricle, and thick walls In an intact brain, the only surface of diencephalon which can be seen is its inferior surface

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 11 Derivatives from diencephalon : Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus Methathamus Retina Neural hypophysis **

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 12 Diencephalon

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 13 Boundries of Diencephalon Inferior surface : –made by hypothalamus and the other structures include: –Optic chiasm –Infundibulum –Tuber cinereum –Mammillary bodies

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 15 Boundries of Diencephalon Superior surface: – Fornix Lateral surface: –Internal capsule Medial surface: –3 rd ventricle

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 19 3 rd ventricle Anterior wall, lamina terminalis, a thin sheet of gray matter across which passes anterior commissure Posterior wall: –Opening of cerebral aqueduct –Posterior commissure –Pineal recess –Habenular commissure **

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 21 Diencephalon Figure 9-10: The diencephalon

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 22 3 rd ventricle.... Lateral wall: –Thalamus –Hypothalamus –Hypothalamus sulcus –Stria medullaris thalami –Interthalamic connection

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 31 Thalamus Dorsomedial part : 1 section Lateral part : 2 section Ventral part : 3 section * *

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 36 Slide 40* Slide 40 Slide 40* Slide 40

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 37 Hypothalamus boundaries Inferior surface Optic chiasm Tuber cinereum, a convex mass of grey matter as seen from inferior surface: –Infundibulum –Median eminence, a raised part of tuber cinereum to which is attached the infundibulum Infundibulum + median eminence + posterior lobe of hypophysis = neurohypophysis Mammillary bodies + &+&

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 41 Hypothala mic nuclei 12 Medial 5 Lateral 4 Medial & lateral, 3 Anterior zone Paraventric ular L Supra- A Optic Preoptic Intermediat -e zone Dorso medial, ventro medial & Infundibular T Lateral E Tuberal R suprachias matic Posterior zone posteriorA Tubero L Mammi. Mammillary * *

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 44 Hypothalamic function Survival of individual & species

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 48 Survival of individuals & species Body homeostasis: –Regulation of body fluids, electrolytes & circulation. –Regulation of body temperature Survival strategies: Regulation of eating Regulation of drinking Defense Sexual activity Regulation of sleep and awareness Memory + *+ *

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 52 Epithalamus Habenular nuclei and their connections & pineal glands –Pineal glands, pinealocytes and glial cells –Brain sands (concretions of calcified material in pineal glands)

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 53 Subthalamus –Cranial ends of red nucleus & substantia nigra –Cranial ends of lemnisci tracts *

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 54 Function of hypothalamus Survival of individuals & species

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 55 Function of hypothalamus … I. Hypothalamus is an executive arm of limbic system II. Integrates somatic and visceral responses to maintain homeostasis III. All hypothalamic function is done through : –A - Endocrine system (via hypophysis) –B - Autonomic system

1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 56 A - Hypothalamus is connected to hypophysis through 2 pathways: 1. Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system: releasing or inhibiting hormones that act on the anterior pituitary (anterior hypophysis or adenohypophysis) 2. Hypothalamohypophyseal tract: oxytocin (pitocin) and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) that are released by the posterior pituitary ( posterior hypophysis or neurohypophysis) ++

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 62 B - Hypothalamus controls autonomic nervous system through: 1. Sympathetic system: fight or flight (intruder in your apartment) 2. Parasympathetic system: rest and digest (after Thanks giving dinner) + +

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 66 THE END

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 69 Diencephalon Figure 9-10: The diencephalon

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 71 Boundries of Diencephalon Superior surface: – Fornix Lateral surface: –Internal capsule Medial surface: –3 rd ventricle

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 76 Hypothalamus boundaries Inferior surface Optic chiasm Tuber cinereum, a convex mass of grey matter as seen from inferior surface: –Infundibulum –Median eminence, a raised part of tuber cinereum to which is attached the infundibulum Infundibulum + median eminence + posterior lobe of hypophysis = neurohypophysis Mammillary bodies + &+&

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 78 Hypothala mic nuclei 12 Medial 5 Lateral 4 Medial & lateral, 3 Anterior zone Paraventric ular L Supra- A Optic Preoptic Intermediat -e zone Dorso medial, ventro medial & Infundibular T Lateral E Tuberal R suprachias matic Posterior zone posteriorA Tubero L Mammi. Mammillary * *

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1389IUMS, Depart of Anatomical Sciences & Molecular Biology 80 Epithalamus Habenular nuclei and their connections & pineal glands –Pineal glands, pinealocytes and glial cells –Brain sands (concretions of calcified material in pineal glands)

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