Chemistry of Life

Structure of an Atom Size Subatomic particles Nucleus Proton Neutron Quarks Electrons Outside the nucleus Different distances (levels, clouds) Move randomly Size

How are Elements Different? Atomic number # of protons Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons Atomic mass

Use the Periodic Table Carbon Most common form of carbon Carbon – 14 Atomic # # of protons # of electrons Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons Most common form of carbon Carbon – 14 14 = mass # # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Isotope : same # of protons, but different # of neutrons from most common form

Boron – 11 Boron – 10 # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Isotope? Boron – 11 # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Isotope?

Daily Review Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following Fluorine-20 Helium-4 Which of those compounds is an isotope?

Water – Why is it important? http://www.sserc.org.uk/wwwroot2/prim3/new_guidelines/Newsletters/39/Water_related_activities.htm Makes up a lot of living things Many useful/helpful properties Polarity Lopped side appearance One side slightly positive Creates solutions Because of charge can dissolve Other polar and ionic (fully charged) 2 or 3 types of compounds Examples Can break apart other substances Creates suspensions http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86263495/colloids

Is more dense as a liquid Can hold lots of heat Takes more energy to heat up Releases energy back more slowly Examples Is more dense as a liquid

Hydrogen Bonds Very strong between molecules http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/common_water_strider.htm Very strong between molecules Each water can have 4 H- bonds Causes Cohesion Adhesion Capillary action Surface tension http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/capillary-action-transpiration/

pH Water breaks down to H+ and OH- pH = how much H+ Acids Bases pH of 7 means H+ and OH- are equal Acids pH lower than 7 Lower # = stronger Examples Bases pH higher than 7 Higher # = stronger Buffers Help with homeostasis

Daily Review Define: Cohesion Adhesion pH Describe 4 reasons why water is a versatile molecule that is important to living beings Stomach acid has a pH of 2 and ocean water has a pH of 8 Which one is acidic? Which one is closer to being neutral?

Other Basic Chemistry Atom Atoms are generally neutral Ions Molecule Atom with a charge Sodium 11 protons + 11 electrons = neutral Gains or loses electrons 11 protons + 10 electrons = +1 Caffeine http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine_Molecule.png http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/1-what-is-an-ion.html

Chemical Bonds Make molecules An attraction, not a physical thing Hydrogen Ionic Involves ions Gaining/losing electrons Very strong Covalent Sharing electrons Not as strong More common http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/covalent_ionic_bonds.php

Elements of life C, H, N, O, P, S Organic Inorganic Contains C and H http://bhavanajagat.com/tag/oxygen-cycle/ C, H, N, O, P, S Organic Contains C and H Covalent bonds Usually large molecules In living things Inorganic No C (unless simple, like CO or CO2) Examples – water, O2, N2 http://missehonorsbio.blogspot.com/2012/09/organic-molecules-introduction.html

Macromolecule Definition Polymer Made of monomers Each bond created releases water Breaking a bond releases water

Polymers of Biology

Carbohydrates Disaccharides Basics Monosaccharides 2 sugars Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose Carbohydrates Basics 1C:2H:1O Main source of energy Structural Monosaccharides Simple sugar Glucose Galactose Fructose http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch Storage in plants Glucose units Glycogen Storage in animals Released from liver Cellulose Structure in plants Wood

Daily review Fill in the chart with the missing vocabulary terms Carbohydrates Composed on one subunit Composed of 2 subunits Composed of more than 2 subunits Daily review Fill in the chart with the missing vocabulary terms Define: Ions Chemical bond Macromolecule Polymer Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Lipids Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, hormones Insoluble in water http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html Lipids Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, hormones Insoluble in water Glycerol + fatty acid(s) Functions Cell structure More efficient energy storage (9 vs. 4 calories) Communication Steroids Ring of carbons Hormones Cholesterol http://www.raw-milk-facts.com/cholesterol_primer_T3.html

Saturated vs. unsaturated http://escapinganergy.blogspot.com/2011/06/diving-into-high-fat-diet-promotes.html Saturated All single carbon bonds Solid Examples Unsaturated Carbon to carbon double bond(s) Liquid Good vs. bad

Nucleic acids Contains C, H, N, O, P Made from nucleotides 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (5 different) Purpose – genetic information DNA, RNA http://www.nist.gov/oles/forensics/biology_dna.cfm

Daily review Name what each is made of and a use for each: Carbohydrate Nucleic acid Lipid What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Proteins Contain C, H, N, O Made of amino acids Very specific order or amino acids Complex 3d shape Chain of amino acids = polypeptide chain Folds and crumples May have multiple subunits Function Structural Nutrient storage Transportation Identification of cells (defense) Enzymes http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cellular-macromolecules/proteins.php

Proteins are sensitive http://biology-pictures.blogspot.com/2011/11/denaturation-of-proteins.html Proteins are sensitive Change shape easily Denature Caused by changes in Temperature pH Salt concentration Molecules present May permanently disable the protein or cause it to malfunction Frying an egg http://chefsblade.monster.com/training/articles/216-food-science-basics-denaturing-proteins

Chemical reactions Atoms don’t change Atoms rearranged Chemical bonds broken and formed Usually requires energy - activation energy Getting energy slows down the reaction

Enzymes Lock and key Will not work if denatured Proteins Catalyst Not changed Lowers activation energy Speeds up reaction Lock and key Substrate Active site Will not work if denatured Used in most biological processes http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/active.html