UAV SAR L band (1.6 GHz) ~20cm In this frequency, insensitive to grain size (Shi & Dozier) Sensitive to density, liquid water content Need dielectric constants

Capacitec Probe 16, 32, or 64kHz Claims to accurately measure snow density and liquid water content.

Permittivity of ice and water (Stacheder 2005) Capacitec probe UAV SAR (L-Band)

Permittivity (real) vs density for dry snow (Matzler 1996) Around 1GHz So if we know density from the probe, can get permittivity

Effect of water content W is water content So if we know water content and density, can get dielectric constants

Permanent dataloggers at GPS stations Use soil moisture probes to measure dielectric constants of snow and log for 2 weeks? These are RF capacitance probes, but unclear if can get more than just moisture (need density also)