1、 choroid of eyeball 一、Single Choice Questions A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic and is white in colour B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell layer of retina C.  inner surface is close to sclera D.  supplies the nutrition E.  receives stimulation of light

2、 ciliary body A. is posterior extension of choroid B. located on external surface of junction of cornea and sclera C. is the thickest part of middle tunic D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary zonule E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases convexity of lens

3、 iris A.  is the largest part of middle tunic B. divides chamber of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers C. iris and sclera meet to form angle of anterior chamber D. Has the function of refracting light E.  is colourless and transparant

4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is A. spinothalamic tract B.  anterior corticospinal tract C. lateral corticospinal tract D. rubrospinal tract E.  vestibulospinal tract

5. The fasciculus gracilis A.  extends the whole length of the spinal cord B.  lies in the lateral part of the posterior funiculus C. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the contralateral lower limb D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of bilateral lower limb E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of homolateral trunk and limbs

6、In adult, the lower end of spinal cord is at the level of   A. inferior border of L1 B. superior border of L1 C. inferior border of L2 D. superior border of L2 E. superior border of L3

7、The position of the 10th thoracic segment of spinal cord is at the level of A.   9th thoracic vertebra B.   8th thoracic vertebra C.   7th thoracic vertebra D.  6th thoracic vertebra E.   1st lumbar vertebra

8、 Which is wrong about anterior horn of spinal cord A.  consists of the sensory neuron B.  consists of the motor neuron C.  its neuron axon passes through the anterior root of spinal nerve D.  innervates the skeletal muscle E.  is innervated by corticospinal tract

9、 Which segment of the spinal cord conducts the skin sensation at the level of umbilicus A. the 4th thoracic segment B.  the 6th thoracic segment C. the 8th thoracic segment D. the 10th thoracic segment E.  the 12th thoracic segment

10. The tracts being related to transmitting motor information in spinal cord are A. fasciculus gracilis   B. fasciculus cuneatus C. corticonuclear tract D. lateral corticospinal tract E. anterior corticospinal tract

1、 retina 二、Multiple Choice Questions A.   is divides into outer and inner layers B.   outer layer contains photoreceptors C.   inner layer is pigment cell lamina D.   optic disc is in sensitive to light E.  visual acuity in fouea centralis of macula lutea is highest

2、 walls of tympanic cavity A. superior wall is tegmental wall which separates the middle cranial fossa from tympanic cavity B.  inferior wall is jugular wall C. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior part of which there is the opening of auditory tube D. posterior wall is mastoid wall E .lateral wall is membranous wall

3、 the tracts passing through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord includ A 、lateral corticospinal tract B 、anterior corticospinal tract C 、anterior spinocerebellar tract D 、posterior spinocerebellar tract E 、vestibulospinal tract  

The brain stem

The brain stem midbrain pons medulla oblongata Bulbopontine sulcus

ventral surface of the brain stem Medulla oblongata Pyramid : contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) Decussation of pyramid formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract Olive : overlying inferior olivary nucleus hypoglossal nerve emerge from anterolateral sulcus Glossopharyngeal n. vagus n. accessory n. emerge from retroolivary sulcus

ventral surface of the brain stem Pons Basilar part Basilar sulcus Bulbopontine sulcus from medial to lateral, abducent, n facial n. vestibulocochlear n.

ventral surface of the brain stem Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve Pontocerebellar trigone the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

ventral surface of the brain stem Midbrain Crus cerebri Interpeduncular fossa oculomotor nerves emerge from medial of crus cerebri Posterior perforated substance

dorsal surface of the brain stem Medulla oblongata Gracile tubercle overlying gracile nucleus Cuneate tubercle overlying cuneate nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle

dorsal surface of the brain stem Pons Superior cerebellar peduncle Superior medullary velum

dorsal surface of the brain stem Midbrain Superior colliculus centers of visual flexes Inferior colliculus conduct auditory sensation Trochlear nerve Brachium of superior colliculus Brachium of inferior colliculus

dorsal surface of the brain stem rhomboid fossa Boundaries Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle Inferolateral: gracile tubercles cuneate tubercles inferior cerebellar peduncle Lateral recess

dorsal surface of the brain stem rhomboid fossa Median sulcus Sulcus limitans Vestibular area overlies vestibular nuclei Acoustic tubercle overlying dorsal cochlear nucleus Medial eminence Striae medullares Facial colliculus overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve

dorsal surface of the brain stem rhomboid fossa Hypoglossal triangle overlying hypoglossal nucleus Vagal triangle overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Area postrema ：lies between the vagal triangle and gracile tubercles Locus ceruleus at the upper end of Sulcus limitans

Fourth ventricle 第四脑室 position Lie between the Pons medulla Oblongata and cerebellum (in front of cerebellum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata ).

Fourth ventricle Floor-- rhomboid fossa Roof： Anterior part superior cerebellar peduncle superior medullary velum

Fourth ventricle Roof： Posterior part inferior medullary velum tela choroidea of fourth Ventricle choroid plexuses of fourth Ventricle produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Tela choroidea and choroid plexus

Fourth ventricle Communication (1) Median aperture of fourth ventricle (2) lateral apertures of fourth ventricle ：a pair. Subarachnoid space (3) mesencephalic aqueduct （cerebral aqueduct ） Third ventricle

Internal structures – gray matter Nuclei 神经核 ■ Cranial nerve nuclei ■ Non- Cranial nerve nuclei ( relay nuclei) The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei :

Cranial nerve nuclei The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7 kinds: General Somatic motor nuclei Special visceral motor nuclei General visceral motor nuclei Visceral afferent（sensory）nuclei ( general and special ) General somatic afferent （sensory） nuclei Special somatic afferent （sensory） nuclei

Cranial nerve nuclei General Somatic motor nuclei Nucleus of oculomotor n. Nucleus of trochlear n. Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of hypoglossal n.

General Somatic motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Nucleus of Oculomotor n. Midbrain Ⅲ Supreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris trochlear n. Ⅳ Superior obliquus Nucleus of abducent n. Pons Ⅵ Lateral rectus Nucleus of hypoglossal n. Medulla Ⅻ Muscles of tongue

Special visceral motor nuclei Cranial nerve nuclei Special visceral motor nuclei Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Nucleus of facial n. Nucleus ambiguus Accessory nucleus

Special visceral motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Pons Ⅴ Masticatory muscles Nucleus of facial n. Ⅶ Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius 镫骨肌 ambiguus Medulla Ⅸ,Ⅹ.Ⅺ Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus Accessory nucleus Medulla-cervical cord Ⅺ Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

General visceral motor nuclei Cranial nerve nuclei General visceral motor nuclei Accessory oculomotor nucleus Superior salivatory nucleus Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.

●General visceral motor nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain Ⅲ Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m. Superior salivatory nucleus Pons Ⅶ Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands Inferior salivatory nucleus Medulla Ⅸ Parotid gland Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. medulla Ⅹ Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special ) Cranial nerve nuclei Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special ) Nucleus of solitary tract Lies in the Medulla obongata Send out the fibers to form Ⅶ,Ⅸ,Ⅹ cranial n. Function： Taste and visceral sensation

General somatic afferent nuclei Cranial nerve nuclei General somatic afferent nuclei Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

General somatic afferent nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Midbrain Ⅴ Proprioception of head Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. Pons Tactile(touch) sensation of head Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. Medulla Pain and temperature sense of head

Special somatic afferent nuclei Cranial nerve nuclei Special somatic afferent nuclei Cochlear nuclei Ventral cochlear nucleus Drsal cochlear nucleus Vestibular nuclei

Special somatic afferent nuclei Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function Cochlear nuclei Pons and medulla Ⅷ Sensation of hearing Vestibular nuclei Sensation of equilibrium

non- Cranial nerve nuclei ■ In medulla oblongata Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Inferior olivary nucleus ■ In pons Pontine nucleus

non- Cranial nerve nuclei ■ in midbrain inferior colliculus Gray matter layers of superior colliculus Red nucleus Substantia nigra

Non- Cranial nerve nuclei Nucleus position Gracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle) Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle) Pontine nucleus Pons Nucleus of inferior colliculus Midbrain Inferior colliculus superior colliculus Red nucleus Substantia nigra

White matter Ascending tracts Descending tracts Medial lemniscus Spinal lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Descending tracts Pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract Corticonuclear tract

White matter — ascending tracts Medial lemniscus decussation of medial lemniscus

White matter — ascending tracts Spinal lemniscus

White matter — ascending tracts Trigeminal lemniscus

White matter — ascending tracts Lateral lemniscus

White matter — descending tracts Pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract Corticonuclear tract

Corticonuclear tract

White matter — descending tracts Others: rubrospinal tract tectospinal tract vestibulospinal tract reticulospinal tract

Reticular formation of brain stem The reticular formation is recognized as the extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which the grey were intermingled with whiter matter. Its major function may sum up as follows:

Reticular formation of brain stem ■ Ascending reticular activating system maintenance of the conscious state of cerebeal cortex. ■ somatomotor control reticulospinal tract ■ Viscceromotor control---vital centres Cardiovascular center and respiratory center in medulla oblongata.

The transverse section of brain stem---- Medulla oblongata Lower part (closed part) Two decussations– Decussations of medial lemniscus Decussations of pyramid

The transverse section of brain stem---- Medulla oblongata Upper part (open part) inferior olivary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar peduncle Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth ventricle floor Tracts: pyramidal tracy medial lemniscus inferior cerebellar peduncle Nuclei: nucleus of hypoglossal n. dorsal nucleus of vagus n. nucleus ambiguus. solitary nucleus, spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

The transverse section of brain stem---- pons ■ Tegmentum of pons ■ Basilar part longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract) transverse fibers arised from the pontine nuclei. Middle cerebellar peduncle contains a number of new cranial nerve nuclei ,Such as : nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of facial n. vestibular nuclei , spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

The transverse section of brain stem---- midbrain ■ tectum of midbrain ■ Cerebral peduncle： includes superior and inferior colliculi may be divided into 3 parts ● Tegmentum : Ascending tracts: medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, trigeminal lemniscus. nuclei: red nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.

The transverse section of brain stem---- midbrain ■ Cerebral peduncle ● Tegmentum ● Substentia nigra ● Crus cerebri : frontopontine Tract , pyramidal tract, tempo-occipito-pontine tract

Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract

superior cerebellar peduncle its fibres arises from the cerebellum, and passes to the opposite thalamus and the opposite red nucleus of the midbrain.