Pegasus, Bellerophon, and Daedalus Quiz 1.Why does Bellerophon believe that he can be equal to the gods? 2.Explain Bellerophon’s supernatural aid. 3.Explain at least one of Bellerophon’s tests/trials. 4.What Greek belief/value does his story illustrate? 5.Why was Daedalus imprisoned in the Labrynth? 6.What cultural value comes out of Icarus’ disaster? 7.How does Minos find Daedalus after his escape?

#1 Idolatry: n. excessive or blind adoration; worship of an object Some pediatricians have accused overprotective parents of child idolatry. “Speak of the moderns without contempt, and of the ancients without idolatry.” -Philip Dorner Stanhope Chesterfield, 4th

#2 Adulterate: v. to make impure; to contaminate syn: taint; corrupt / ant: refine; refined By adding water to the wine, the shabby restaurant adulterated its quality and cheated the customers. “Ghost. The serpent that did sting thy father's life now wears his crown. Hamlet. O my prophetic soul! My uncle? Ghost. Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast.” -Shakespeare, Hamlet

A steady stream of water emanated from the broken fire hydrant. “Speech emanating from a pure heart and mind of learned men and scholars are naturally pure just like water of a river.” -Yajur Veda

Some store window displays are simple and elegant, but others are garish and trashy. “When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars and he will make the face of heaven so fine that all the world will be in love with night and pay no worship to the garish sun.” -Skakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

The aging actress spent thousands on cosmetic surgery, only to find that the effects of age and gravity are immutable. “Truth is the most unbending and uncompliable, the most necessary, firm, immutable, and adamantine thing in the world.” -Ralph J. Cudworth

Looking to upgrade her image, the queen had her diadem encrusted with jewels. “Nature, like us, is sometimes caught Without her diadem.” -Emily Dickinson

Unicorns and griffins frolicked in the bucolic and verdant landscape. “I tire of the labour of thinking, and, when the table is finished, start practical jokes and set all playing at games, which we carry on with bucolic boisterousness.” -Jack London, John Barleycorn

The crooked politician conducted a campaign redolent of vice and corruption. “My weary soul they seem to soothe, And, redolent of joy and youth, To breathe a second spring.” -Thomas Gray

Despite their impecunious status, the family lived healthily and happily through foraging and hunting. “As it was precisely of that love that poor Winsett was starving to death, Archer looked with a sort of vicarious envy at this eager impecunious young man who had fared so richly in his poverty.” -Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence

No self-respecting government allows sedition and its rebellious methods to go unpunished. “The Bill of Rights is a born rebel. It reeks with sedition. In every clause it shakes its fist in the face of constituted authority... it is the one guaranty of human freedom to the American people.” -Frank I, Cobb

An immoral act defiles the character of those who do it and those who let it happen. “To get power over is to defile. To possess is to defile.” -Simone Well

Geri’s directions were helpful, but her gratuitous details confused the lost travelers, and they were forced to stop and ask someone else for directions. “Tolerance implies a gratuitous assumption of the inferiority of other faiths to one's own.” -Mahatma Gandhi

John accepted the onus of explaining why his group was late. “Liberals tend to put the onus of your success on society and conservatives on you and your family.” -Dennis Prager

Larry joined in the impious laughter at the bumbling clergyman. “When obedience is so impious, revolt is a necessity.” -Pierre Corneille

Remember the buyer’s caveat: if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. “Caveat emptor” means “let the buyer beware.”

Fallible 1. Fallible. Adj. capable of error. syn: imperfect / ant. Infallible; flawless fallible Flawed data programmed into a computer delivers fallible output, or, as the saying goes, garbage in, garbage out. fallible “She is a daughter of earth; you are an angel of heaven; only be not too austere in your divinity, and remember that I am a poor, fallible mortal.” The Tenant of Wildfell Hall byAnne Bronte

Blatant 2. Blatant. Adj. obvious; too conspicuous. Syn: unconcealed; deliberate / ant. Secretive; cautious blatant Marilyn saw blatant fashion errors all around her, so she wore understated outfits. blatant “One of those very blatant idiots whose blundering is costing the country millions of money and thousands of brave men, has still enough authority to treat our reports as o much waste paper.” The Kingdom of the Blind by E. Phillips Oppenheim

Dawdle 3. Dawdle: Verb. To waste time syn. Tarry; loiter / ant.hasten; expedite dawdle You dawdle and dally and always arrive late. dawdle “ There is no help for it; your best chance will be to get by her as fast as ever you can, for if you dawdle about her rock while you are putting on your armour, she may catch you with a second cast of her six heads, and snap up another half dozen of your men; so drive your ship past her at full speed, and roar out lustily to Crataiis who is Scylla's dam, bad luck to her; she will then stop her from making a second raid upon you.” The Odyssey by Homer

4. Affiliate. Noun. An associate or partner syn: member; colleague affiliate Siegfried became an honorary affiliate of Save the Kinkajous, but soon regretted it when one of the animals attacked him. affiliated “Perhaps the word is misused, and he is better described as a nihilist, or an annihilist. It is known that he affiliated with none of the groups of terrorists. He operated wholly alone, but he created a thousandfold more terror and achieved a thousandfold more destruction than all the terrorist groups added together.” The Strength of the Strong by Jack London

Fawn 5. Fawn. verb. To act slavishly submissive. Syn: grovel / ant: ignore; disregard; neglect fawn Weekly magazines encourage their readers to fawn over the current popular celebrities. fawned “Again and again, as he looked at each brutal performance, the lesson was driven home to Buck: a man with a club was a lawgiver, a master to be obeyed, though not necessarily conciliated. Of this last Buck was never guilty, though he did see beaten dogs that fawned upon the man, and wagged their tails, and licked his hand. Also he saw one dog, that would neither conciliate nor obey, finally killed in the struggle for mastery.” Jack London, The Call of the Wild

6. Calumny : noun. A false and malicious accusation syn: slander; slur/ant: compliment. calumny No calumny was used to win the election. calumny “Supposing you are right in your indictment, how can you raise any question of calumny or gossip, in your case?” Under Western Eyes by Joseph Conrad

Berate 7. Berate. verb. To scold or rebuke severely and at length. syn: admonish; reprimand /ant: praise berating Instead of berating the insistent beggar, Frederick took him to a diner and bought him a meal. berate “Well, one day--and an ill day it was for that saucy fellow--he sought to berate my father, I standing by.” The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood by Howard Pyle

Minion 8. Minion. Noun. A fawning servile follower. syn: lackey / ant: leader minions The minions kept their leader from seeing that his country was plunging into chaos. minion “I made slow headway at first, but I began to get dissatisfied at the idea of paying my minion five francs to hold my mule back by the tail and keep him from going up the hill, and so I discharged him.” The Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain

Desolate 9. Desolate. adj. lonely; forlorn; unihabited; barren syn: deserted; bleak / ant: populous; cheerful desolate After giant ants took over the high school auditorium, the assemblies acquired a desolate and alienated look. desolate “In a silent, desolate spot, In the night stone-frozen and clear, The wanderer's hand on the sail is gripped by the fingers of fear.” A Lute of Jade by L. Cranmer-Byng

Bane 10. Bane. noun. The cause of ruin, harm, distress, or death. syn: blight; curse /ant: aid; assistance bane “You are the bane of my existence,” choleric John said to his annoying stockbroker. bane “Generally, such men in all deliberations find ease to be of the negative side, and affect a credit to object and foretell difficulties; for when propositions are denied, there is an end of them; but if they be allowed, it requireth a new work; which false point of wisdom is the bane of business.” The Essays by Sir Francis Bacon

11. Pacify 11. Pacify. verb. To calm down. syn: appease; placate / ant: provoke; agitate pacify The negotiator tried to pacify the angry group of outside agitators. pacify “He brought with him several slices of meat in order to pacify the Housedog, so that he would not alarm his master by barking. ” Fables by Aesop

Garble 12. Garble. verb. to mix up or distort. syn: jumble; corrupt garble When you are tired, it is easy to garble the simplest instructions. garbled “A reporter present seized upon the word "revolution," divorced it from the text, and wrote a garbled account that made Emil Gluck appear an anarchist. At once, "Professor Gluck, anarchist," flamed over the wires and was appropriately "featured" in all the newspapers in the land.” The Strength of the Strong by Jack London

Prevaricate 13. Prevaricate. v. to lie. syn: hedge Prevaricate Prevaricate all you want, but sooner or later the truth will come out. prevaricate “ He could not backbite, nor envy, nor prevaricate, nor jump at mean motives for generous acts.” The Little White Bird by James Matthew Barrie

Filch 14. Filch. verb. To steal. syn: pilfer ;pinch Filch J.K. Rowling named the Hogwarts’ caretaker Argus Filch because he is as sneaky as a thief. filch “You don't need to be taught how to swindle the master, and to filch fur coats.” Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy

Neophyte 15. Neophyte. Noun. A beginner syn: novice;amateur / ant. expert; veteran neophytes People love to see the neophytes beat the experts. neophyte “Her whole soul was possessed by the fact that a fuller life was opening before her: she was a neophyte about to enter on a higher grade of initiation.” Middlemarch by George Eliot

Muses They are nine in number, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, Memory. They help artists to “forget” their troubles so that they can create. There is a muse for history, astronomy, tragedy, comedy, dance, epic poetry, love-poetry, songs to the gods, and lyric poetry.`

In the middle of what? The poem opens in medias res—in the middle of the action—and presents necessary exposition in later portions of the epic. Also, epics contain: Catalogs of warriors, ships, and armies.

Greek Heroes Share More Than Fame... Greek Hero Structure The Greek nobility valued strength and skill, for these attributes enabled the person who possessed them to achieve glory and honor, both in his lifetime and after he died. Arête. This value is known as Arête.

What's wrong with being great???? Arête = striving for excellence: Strength, skill, courage, intelligence, insight, ingenuity: Be the best of the best. What is the danger of Arête?

What was the danger of Arête Again? The hero forgets his human limitations and thinks he’s greater than he actually is… Which leads to… Hubris Hubris = excessive pride. What is the danger of hubris?

What is the big-deal danger of hubris? Hero does / says something excessive without thinking of the consequences… Which leads to… Até = blind, rash behavior. Até leads to…

What the heck could Até possibly do? I know... It could bring Nemesis=retribution: gods punish hero directly or other humans punish him. Either way the hero brought his fate upon himself through free-will.

So What Else do Greek Heroes Have in Common? 1. A fundamental belief in freedom

Greek Heroes, cont. 2. A supreme pride (hubris)

Greek Heroes, cont. 3. Capacity for suffering

Greek Heroes, cont. 4. Strong sense of commitment

Greek Heroes, cont. 5. Not too good/ too bad

Greek Heroes, cont. 6. Flaw “hamartia” (term used in archery to mean, “near miss”)

Greek Heroes, cont. 7. Vigorous protest of limitations, fate, or any reality that doesn't quite fit into the hero's plan. And the hero receives a punishment that is deserved, but is more severe than his crime.

Greek Heroes, cont. 8. At some point every hero undergoes a major Transformation as a result of his conflicts and fate. This is called the “Fall.”

Greek Heroes, cont. 9. After the Transformation, the hero experiences some Impact (understanding). In other words, the light bulb goes off. So the Fall wasn't all bad, he gains wisdom and knowlege that he never would have gotten otherwise.

Greek Heroes, cont. 10. Finally, the hero, at least partially, chooses fate.

Honor Code “I have neither given nor received any unauthorized aid, nor do I have knowledge of anyone else doing so.” Signature

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