“To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.” -William James (1842 – 1910) Mental illness is only a label to describe behavior that deviates from society’s norm. - Thomas Szasz

Module 45 Introduction to Psychological Disorders Worth Publishers

Psychological Disorders  Psychological Disorder  a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:  atypical--not enough in itself  disturbing--varies with time and culture  maladaptive--harmful  unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason

Historical Perspective  Perceived Causes  movements of sun or moon  lunacy--full moon  evil spirits  Ancient Treatments  exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

Psychological Disorders  Medical Model  concept that diseases have physical causes  can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured  assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

Psychological Disorders  Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective  assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Psychological Disorders

Classifying Psychological Disorders  DSM-V  American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition )  a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders  presently distributed as DSM-V-TR (text revision)

 DSM-IV – Axis model was consolidated (Axis I, II, III) and replaced by new diagnosis categories in the DSM 5 revision.  5-Axis model was adopted in Axis 1 Clinical disorders (e.g. mood & anxiety disorders) -Axis 2 Personality disorders (e.g. narcissism, antisocial, developmental disorders (e.g. mental retardation, ADHD)) -Axis 3 Medical (physical) conditions influencing Axis 1 & 2 disorders (e.g. respiratory/digestive) -Axis 4 Psychosocial & environmental stress influencing Axis 1 & 2 disorders (e.g. job, housing, social network changes) -Axis 5 Global Assessment of Functioning score: highest level of functioning patient has achieved in work, relationships, and activities Classifying Psychological Disorders

Classifying Psychological Disorders – DSM V Diagnostic Categories – Anxiety Bipolar and Related Depressive Dissociative Feeding and Eating Neurodevelopmental Neurocognitive Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Personality Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Somatic Symptoms and Related (distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life) Trauma Stressor and Related

Classifying Psychological Disorders  Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now)  usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially  Psychotic Disorder  person loses contact with reality  experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Rates of Psychological Disorders