Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Data and Signals

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Data and Signals

Introduction - Data and Signals

Analog versus Digital Analog Digital

Noise

All Signals Have Three Components Amplitude Frequency Phase

Amplitude The amplitude of a signal is the height of the wave above or below a given reference point.

Frequency The frequency the number of times a signal makes a complete cycle within a given time frame.

Spectrum and Bandwidth e.g. The average voice has a frequency range of roughly 300 Hz to 3100 Hz. The spectrum is The bandwidth is

Phase The phase of a signal is the position of the waveform relative to a given moment of time or relative to time zero. A change in phase can be any number of angles between 0 and 360 degrees. Phase changes often occur on common angles, such as 45, 90, 135, etc.

Signal Strength All signals experience loss (attenuation) due to friction in transmission. Attenuation is denoted as a decibel (dB) loss. dB is a relative measure. Decibel losses (and gains) are additive. Total: -5dB loss

Digital Data with Digital Signals – Encoding NRZ-L NRZ-I Manchester Differential Manchester 4B/5B Digital Encoding

Baud Rate and BPS Baud rate BPS 1s Baud rate = BPS =

4B/5B Digital Encoding Yet another encoding technique that converts four bits of data into five-bit quantities. The five-bit quantities are unique in that no five-bit code has more than 2 consecutive zeroes. The five-bit code is then transmitted using an NRZ-I encoded signal. overhead

Digital Data with Analog Signals - Modulation Amplitude Modulation

Digital Data with Analog Signals - Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation Quadrature phase modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation

Analog Data into Digital Signals Pulse Code Modulation The analog waveform is sampled at specific intervals and the “snapshots” are converted to binary values Higher sampling rate, or more quantization levels, improve the resolution, but will also increase the cost

Analog Data into Digital Signals Delta Modulation An analog waveform is tracked using delta steps Output 1 to represent a rise in voltage, and a 0 to represent a drop.

Analog Data with Analog Signals Analog signals serve as carriers Modulated into different amplitude (AM) or frequencies (FM)

Spread Spectrum Technology A secure encoding technique that uses multiple frequencies or codes to transmit data.

Data Codes The set of all textual characters or symbols and their corresponding binary patterns is called a data code. There are two basic data code sets ASCII EBCDIC