 Conservative leaders faced a challenge to the traditional ruling classes from the “new” isms emerging in Europe  Gov’t-sponsored repression led to revolt in most European states  Metternich and other powers suppressed any form of liberal faith  Middle class and urban workers demanded reform and representation in gov’t

 The heart of the nationalist movements of the 19 th century comes out of central Europe.  Based on the two maps, explain why the German states and Austrian Empire experience movements of nationalism from within.

 Hapsburg nationalism in Austria felt threatened by a large amount of different ethnic groups

 Germans, Hungarians, Slavs, Czechs, Italians, Serbs, Croats, and others made up the Austrian Empire  Prince Klemens von Metternich – felt Austria had to dominate the German Confederation to keep it from developing its own constitution

 Frederick William III – Prussian leader who created Council of State, which established eight provincial diets  Junkers dominated the diets keeping the bond between the monarchy and the landholders

 Burschenschaften – student association of German nationalists  Karl Sand assassinated the conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue  Sand executed; became martyr

 Carlsbad Decrees – ordered by Metternich – dissolved the Burschenschaften, censored the press and universities  Carlsbad Diet drove liberalism and nationalism underground

 discontent from masses  leaders of the low social orders called for changes due to the economic downturn following the defeat of Napoleon  had unruly mass meeting at Spa Fields near London

 Following the meeting at Spa Fields, the Coercion Acts of 1817 were passed, which suspended habeas corpus and outlawed seditious gathering  Lord Liverpool – sought to protect the interests of the wealthy  Corn Law of 1815 – raised prices on importation of foreign corn  benefited the land owners who ran Parliament  Increased the cost of food harming consumers

 1819 —60,000 people gathered in St. Peter’s field in Manchester  Demanded universal male suffrage and annual parliaments  eleven radical protesters killed by militia at meeting in Manchester, England

 Following Peterloo, Parliament passed the Six Acts  forbade large, unauthorized meetings  raised fines for seditious libel  trials speeded up for political agitators  increased newspaper taxes  prohibited training of armed groups  allowed local officials to search homes  Cato Street Conspiracy – plot by Radicals to blow up Cabinet failed

 Starting in 1824, Lord Liverpool, although conservative, allows some reform such as greater economic freedom and permission for their to be labor organizations  1830—liberals (Whigs) gained more representation in British Parliament; conservatives (Tories) lost seats

 Louis XVIII – becomes monarch in 1814 and agrees to be constitutional monarch  The Charter of 1814 – provided for a hereditary monarchy and a bicameral legislature  guaranteed most of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen  religious toleration—Catholicism religion of gov’t  ultraroyalism – royalists in the south and west of France practically drive the liberals out of politics and into a near illegal status

The French Bourbons were restored to the throne in 1815 but would rule only until This picture shows Louis XVIII, seated, second from left, and his brother, the count of Artois, who would become Charles X, standing on the left. Notice the bust of Henry IV in the background, placed there to associate the restored rulers with their popular late- sixteenth–early-seventeenth-century forebearer. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz