Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins

Carbohydrates Fast source of energy Composed of Carbon (c), Oxygen (o), and Hydrogen (H). Usually have the ending “-ose” i.e. Glucose

Common Sugars GLUCOSE – made in plants, found in human blood. FRUCTOSE – plant sugar, typically found in plants. DEOXYRIBOSE – Sugar component of DNA CELLULOSE – Sugar that make up a plant cell’s cell wall.

Monosaccharides Simplest sugars, contain one sugar unit Examples: Glucose, galactose, fructose

Dissacharides Combination of two monosaccharides Examples: Sucrose = glucose + fructose Maltose = glucose + glucose Lactose = glucose + galactose Formed as a result of Dehydration Synthesis in which large sugars are formed by the removal of a water molecule from two smaller sugars.

Polysaccharides Many units of sugar Examples: Starch = plant polysaccharide formed by repeating units of glucose. Glycogen = animal polysaccharide, how animals store excess carbs. Cellulose = plant polysaccharide that make up cell walls.

Lipids Are Used For/To... Energy Storage Cell Membrane Structure Cushion and Protect Organs Make Hormones Carry Vitamins around the Body

Type #1 - Triglycerides Formed by Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids Fats Solid at room temperature Usually animals fats and are said to be saturated (only single bonds exist between carbon atoms) Single bonds are stable and less reactive, so these fats are more difficult to break down.

Type #2 – Phopholipids Have a phosphate molecule bonded to the glycerol backbone of the molecule. Found in our cell membrane

Type #3 - Waxes Long-chain fatty acids that are joined together to other molecules to make them insoluble in water. Found on plants as waterproof coverings, as well as on fur and feathers.

Proteins Form the structural parts of the cell Textbook: Page 249 What parts of the body/cell consist of proteins? Composed of chains of amino acids called Polypeptides. Made up of carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, and additional elements such as sulfur and nitrogen.

There are 20 different amino acids that combine in various ways to form proteins that are bodies require.

Amino Acid Chain = PROTEIN Chains will fold in various ways that give each protein a unique shape. The order and number of amino acids determine the type of protein. Amino acids in the chain are held together by peptide bonds.

Denaturation Temporary disruption of the peptide bonds in the amino acid chain altering the proteins shape.

What causes the protein to Denature? protein being exposed to excess heat, radiation, change in pH, etc. Once this exposure has been removed the protein can go back to its original shape.

Coagulation Permanent alteration in the peptide bonds of the amino acid chain. Change in bonding, changes shape of protein, which ultimately alters the function of the protein