By Dan Kagan, Zach Titus, and Mason Friedman Chapter 14 Section 1 By Dan Kagan, Zach Titus, and Mason Friedman

Introduction Main Idea: The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and others. Why it matters now: The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust.

A1 The Age of Faith Return to the Basic principles of the Christian religion New religious orders were founded Influenced by the piety of the new monasteries, the Popes began to reform the church The Pope's restored and expanded its power and authority of the Church The Pope helping the poor

The Main Problems of The Church In The 1000s Many village priests married and had families, such marriages were against the Church rulings Positions in the Church were sold by bishops, a practice called simony The practice of lay investiture put kings in control of Church bishops. The Church believed that bishops should be appointed by the Church alone A cartoon that demonstrates the practice of simony

The Role of Cluny Played in Launching reforms in the Church Tried to bring back the Church to the way it was before Benedictine monastery in France Monks here strictly followed the Benedictine rule Cluny’s reputation for virtue inspired the founding of similar monasteries The Cluny Church Both Pope Leo the ninth and Pope Gregory the seventh were helping to fix the problems of the Church.

The Role of Cistercians Played in Launching reforms in the Church Tried to bring back the Church to the way it was before Founded in 1098 Followed the Cistercian life of hardship, what won many followers, helping to bring about further reform Demonstrates what the Cistercians monks did

Pope's Reform And Reorganize The Church 1100s And 1200s The Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head Popes group advisor was called the papel Curia acted as a court of law, developed the Canon Law Diplomats for the Pope traveled through Europe dealing with bishops and kings, extending the power of the Pope Church collected taxes in the form of tithe, 10% of the people's earnings for every christian family Performed social services such as caring for the sick and the poor, and operated hospitals Where the reforms began

Friars and Monks A5 Friars had many differences and similarities with monks. Traveled all around European Cities. Started around 1200 A.D. Friars took vows of christianity, poverty, and obedience like monks Didn’t live in monasteries like the monks but preached abroad. Franciscan Friar

Dominicans and Franciscans In the 1200’s Spanish priest Dominic founds one of the oldest order of Friars. Dominicans founded. Emphasized the importance of study. St. Francis of Assisi founds Franciscans, another old order of Friars. St. Francis, a son of a rich merchant, gives up wealth and turns to preaching. Saint Francisco Coll Guitart

Dominicans and Franciscans Saint Francis had a special love for animals. Respected the Ark of Noah. The formal name of Francis’ order was Ordo Fratrum Minorum or Friars and acted as brothers The Dominicans were known as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum Saint Dominic was storied to have done miracles and left wealth to preach. St. Dominic and Francis

A6 Gothic Cathedral Between A.D. 800 and 1100 Romanesque churches were the only type of church. After 1100 Gothic churches started to be constructed in modern day France. The word “Gothic” comes from the tribes that used to inhabit the lands. Architecture focussed on use of glass and light entering the church. Milan Cathedral

A7 The Crusades In 1093 the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus requested help from the pope against the muslim turks. The pope called for a “holy war” or crusade against the Muslim Turks. Warriors gathered to retake the holy land of Jerusalem. Map of the crusades

Depiction of the Crusades. “Crusading Spirit” The christian warriors, or crusaded went for economic and spiritual reasons. In 1096 50,000 to 60,000 warriors under the pope attacked Anatolia. With the Crusades came merchants from all over Europe trading with the attacked people. Depiction of the Crusades.

The Origins of The Crusades Alexius idea was to gain a powerful army to bring Jerusalem and the Holy Land back under Christian control from the Seljuks Needed the help of Rome to aid his cause Alexius sent ambassadors to Rome outlining his idea to Urban II, the Pope, asking for their military assistance In case the people were not persuaded by the Pope, he granted for men that fought in this army, a free ticket to heaven. For people not fighting with this army, Urban threatened them. Urban's speech was received well and created two armies Several men, including a monk known as Peter the Hermit and a soldier called Walter the Penniless spread the word/speech of Urban to the lower class A statue of Pope Urban II Urban was quickly to say yes where he urged the other church leaders to agree. He was deeply concerned for the future of Christianity and also believed that Christians had a moral duty to fight the Muslims, to reclaim the Holy Land. Then Urban made a speech to his followers, the Christians, and said the only way to right the wrong was through violence. He instructed the Christians to form a massive army that would sweep down on the Muslim enemy and defeat the menace once and for all. This meant that anyone to lose there life on the way by land, or in crossing the sea, or in fighting the Pagans; all their wrongs that they have done would be forgiven. Then they would be able to go into heaven. But the sick and the old did not have to fight in the army. An army of upper classmen was formed like he wanted. There also was an army of lower class because everyone who died in the battle went to heaven. This was much better than there life before because of recent floods, droughts, and famines and most of all the life of a lower classmen was extremely difficult.

First and Second Crusades -Most Crusaders were French, but there were Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians, and Spaniards as well -During the First Crusade they knew nothing of the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land and had no grand strategy to capture Jerusalem -12,000 Crusaders besieged Jerusalem for a month and captured it on July 15, 1099 -Four federal states were divided in this land and were each ruled by a European noble -The second Crusade was created to take back Edesa that was conquered by the Turks -The crusade was defeated and Jerusalem fell to the Muslims First Crusade

Third and Fourth Crusades -Saladin was a Muslim leader that was responsible for the fall of Jerusalem -The Third Crusade was led by French King Philip Augustus, German emperor Frederick I, and English king Richard the Lion-Hearted -Frederick I drowned and Philip Augustus went home -In 1192 Richard and Saladin came to a truce -Jerusalem still belonged to the Muslims, but Christian pilgrims could visit the city’s holy places -1198 Pope Innocent III began another Crusade -The Crusade ended with the looting of Constantinople in 1204 - There was a split between the church in the west and the church in the east Third Crusade

Reconquista and Inquisition -Reconquista was a long effort to force the Muslims from Spain -1492 Muslims were completely driven out of Spain -Inquisition is a tribunal held by the Church to suppress herecy -A Heretic is someone who has different beliefs than the church -Heretics were burned at the stake Heretic being burned at the stake

Effects of the Crusades -The failure of the later Crusades lowered the power of the Pope, weakened feudal nobility, and thousands of knights died or lost their fortunes -The Crusades stimulated trade between Europe and Southwest Asia -Muslims were on bad terms with Christians and Jews Christian Crusade

Conclusion The Crusades grew from the forces of religious fervors, feudalism, and chivalry as they came together with explosive energy. This same energy could be seen in the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe.