Byzantium and Christendom

Introduction By 1300, Europe and Russia are Christian Division- eastern half- Byzantium- Eastern Orthodox western half- fragmented- Roman Catholic Western church & society was more rural Introduction

Christianity Contracted in Africa & Asia due to Islam Islam took Jerusalem in 7th century Most willingly converted Christianity’s success as minority religion depended on tolerance of local rulers Less tolerance as time passed

Byzantium Builds on Roman past No clear starting point 330- Constantine builds Constantinople Empire has 2 capitals Division of Christendom Eastern half lasts 1000 years after fall of Rome Strategically located, walled city, near the water

Byzantium (Con’t) Sought to restore the glory of Greco-Roman culture Referred to themselves as “Romans” Clothing- robes and sandals Byzantium (Con’t)

State Structure Western Rome, Africa, and Middle East lost Generals had authority to raise armies from local peasants Very centralized authority Emperor’s role as God’s representative Caesaropapism- both a Caesar and Pope of Orthodox church Legitimized rule & gave common identity Aristocrats held gov’t positions Territory shrank around 1095- Crusades Falls to Ottoman Turks in 1453

Christian Conflict Orthodox- “right thinking” Churches had icons- religious images Doctrine differences with Roman Catholics Turn doctrine into Greek philosophical arguments 1054- both churches excommunicate one another Crusades created more conflict

Byzantium and the World Conflicts with Arabs Weapon- Greek fire Important role in trade Gold coin widely used Products in high demand Spread culture to Balkans & Russia Cyrillic alphabet spread by missionaries

Conversion of Russia Kiev Rus emerged in 9th century Created via trade High level of social stratification Regional religions until Prince Vladimir’s conversion Unifying identity for the people Moscow- 3rd Rome?

Western Europe Margins of civilization until 1500 Shift from Rome to West & North Series of kingdoms ruled, eventually forming states Roman law adopted Charlemagne & Carolingian Empire- Roman bureaucracy & crowned new emperor of Rome in 800- Holy Roman Empire

New Kingdoms Feudalism Protection Catholic Church fills administrative duties Latin continues ^ Rulers convert, gain protection Catholicism embraces native practices Conflict w/ kings & Church

Change in the West Climate change High Middle Ages- 1000-1300 35 million in 1000  80 million in 1350 Environmental changes Cities were smaller than other civilizations’ cities Urbanization- slow, only about 10% Develop guilds- Hanseatic League was one Women’s role in economy grows, then shrinks Men- providers, not fighters

Crusades After 1000, Western Europe on the rise Byzantium under pressure Increasing contact with India, China, and Mongolia 1095- Crusades begin Fighters go to Heaven Largely decentralized project Main goal- Jerusalem Spain brought into Christendom, Byzantium weakened, Popes strengthen their position, Cultural diffusion Deepens divide between Catholic & Orthodox

European Advancements Complete chart Many farming advancements New water-driven windmill Advances in weapons, ship-building, and navigation European Advancements

Politics Slowly develop states No single empire- geographic, linguistic, and cultural barriers Frequent wars drove gunpowder revolution Rivalries stimulate technology development More separation of Church & state than the East Merchants had autonomy Led to capitalism?

Reason & Faith Greek philosophy’s influence Stoicism- reason, indifference, endurance Renewal of interest in Greek texts- especially Aristotle Application of reason to non-religious subjects Lays foundation for Scientific Revolution Byzantium- largely against this movement Islam- translates many Greek texts Does science reinforce faith or seek to destroy it?

Legacy Crusades Christianity’s split Constant military campaigns- WWI and WWII Religion &/vs. science Separation of Church and state The rise of the dominant power of 18th-21st centuries