All Things Goth HUM 2212: British and American Literature I Fall 2012 Dr. Perdigao September 12-14, 2012

Gothic (Up)Rising 1750: Horace Walpole’s redesign of Strawberry Hill in Twickenham, England, begins—“Gothic revival” in architecture 1764: The Castle of Otranto published in England; reissued in 1765 with new preface and subtitle A Gothic Story 1773: John and Anna Letitia Aikin publish Gothic fragment “Sir Bertram” with essay “On the Pleasure Derived from Objects of Terror” (xviii) 1775: American War of Independence begins 1786: William Beckford publishes the “oriental Gothic” Vathek in Paris 1789: French Revolution begins 1790: Ann Radcliffe publishes The Romance of the Forest ; Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France 1792: Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1793: Beheading of Louis XVI in Paris; Reign of Terror

Gothic (Up)Rising 1794: Radcliffe publishes The Mysteries of Udolpho 1796: Lewis’s The Monk published (same time he enters Parliament) 1797: Coleridge’s review of The Monk ; Walpole dies 1798: Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads 1799: End of French Revolution; Napoleon Bonaparte made Consul in France 1800: Largest year for number of Gothic novels published in England; second edition of Lyrical Ballads published, with Wordsworth’s anti-Gothic “Preface” 1815: Napoleon defeated at Waterloo and exiled 1817: Byron’s Gothic “Dramatic Poem” Manfred published 1818: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s Frankenstein published; Jane Austen’s counter-Gothic Northanger Abbey published after her death in 1817

Gothic (Up)Rising 1835: Edgar Allan Poe begins series of Gothic stories in Baltimore, collected in Tales of the Arabesque and Grotesque in : Victoria becomes queen of England 1845: Poe publishes “The Raven,” second volume of Tales ; dies in : Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter published, with “The Custom House” 1886: Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde published 1890: Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray published in Lippincott’s Magazine, expanded in book form in : Charlotte Perkins Gilman publishes “The Yellow Wallpaper” in the New England Magazine 1897: Bram Stoker’s Dracula (Hogle xvii-xxv)

Gothic (Up)Rising Gothic as post-medieval and post-Renaissance phenomenon Roots in ancient prose and romances to Shakespearean tragedy and comedy (Hogle 1) Romantics’ use of medieval romance, Gothic as genre developed from tradition Begins with “A Gothic Story” written by Walpole, The Castle of Otranto, counterfeit medieval tale (1) 1790s rise of Gothic literature 1790s and 1890s as fin de siècle Resurgence of Gothic fiction

Trending Antiquated space—castle, foreign palace, abbey, vast prison, subterranean crypt, graveyard, primeval frontier or island, large house or theatre, aging city or urban underworld, decaying storehouse, factory, laboratory, public building (Hogle 2) Ghosts, specters, monsters that rise from the antiquated space, sometimes invading it from alien realms, to “manifest unresolved crimes or conflicts that can no longer be successfully buried from view” (2) Between earthly laws of conventional reality and the possibilities of the supernatural (2) Traditionally, middle class readership—ideas about the force of the past and the forces of change that resists that past, a tug-of-war Confrontation of what is buried, the “unconscious” Influence on Freudian theory Anxieties about power, crowds, revolution (603) Role of women—women writers, Minerva Press

Trending Influence of the Gothic on The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Questions of influence—some Romantic writers rejected trend, its predictable plots (585) Ideas of high and low culture Idea of readers as zombies, feeding the trend Austen and new incarnations?

Trending Horace Walpole ( ), son of British prime minster Remodeled Strawberry Hill estate, designed “Gothick,” towers, turrets, arched doors The Castle of Otranto (1764) Claimed to be translated historical text from 12 th or 13 th century As Blair Witch Project (or Don Quixote ) Manfred, prince, son Conrad to wed Isabella Grandfather’s portrait (587) Chase, subterraneous cavern, extinguished light (589)

Walpole’s Strawberry Hill

Literature and Theory Anna Letitia Aikin and John Aikin Question interest in the gothic Pity Back to Aristotle 1773 essay Hamlet, Macbeth, supernatural in tradition “Sir Bertrand” Gothic setting—mansion as focus Vault, key Animated statues, coffin, dream transformation Lost words at end

A Fallen Empire? William Beckford ( ) Vathek (1786) Arabian setting Fonthill Abbey, Gothic palace Like Ozymandias, studying fallen empire, decadence, self-delusion

Beckford’s Fonthill Abbey

Reigning Ann Radcliffe ( ) as “Queen of Terror” The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) Published five novels between , 6 th published posthumously in 1826 Castle, revealed Descriptions—setting Gloomy, sublime, melancholy Fits Aikins’ description—fear, curiosity, excitement

Church and State Matthew Gregory Lewis ( ) The Monk (1796) Ambrosio, abbot of monastery in Madrid Seduced by Matilda, disguised as Rosario Attempt to rape Antonia Ideas about power, the threat of power Patriarchal order? Appeal to Madonna—resist earthly seduction for her Narcissism Picture haunting character (Otranto, Dorian)

MirrorMask? His fears, though he is the villain Gender roles—pursuer, fear Elvira’s nightmare Antonia on precipice Sublime, fear Will “unmask” him Coleridge’s attack on The Monk Mistakes Ambrosio for Antonio Praises imagination (609) but focuses on defects and errors “low” and “vulgar” (610)