Chapter 8 Part 3 Pages Segregation and Discrimination

Terms to Know Ida B. Wells Poll Tax Grandfather Clause Segregation Jim Crow Laws Plessey v Ferguson Debt Peonage

Ida B. Wells Was born a slave Became a teacher in Memphis Then edited a local paper Covered the lynchings of 3 African American successful businessmen in Tenn Moved North to fight discrimination

African Americans Who tried to exercize their civil rights were often met with hostility and violence State laws very often restricted civil rights of Blacks

Votin g Restrictions Especially in Southern States Literacy tests Poll Taxes Grandfather Clauses The Supreme Court did not protect the civil rights of Blacks in the 1880’s and 18890’s

Jim Crow Laws Helped to segregate Schools Hospitals Parks transportation

Plessey v Ferguson 1896 The Supreme Court upheld segregation Separate but equal IS constitutional Not overturned until 1954 in Brown v Board of Education The case was about railroad passenger discrimination but was applied to schools

Plessey v Ferguson And the 14 th Amendment See page 290

Race Relations by 1900 Racial Etiquette: informal rules and customs that reinforced discrimination: Blacks and whites did not shake hands…it would imply equality Blacks yeilded to Whites on sidewalks Blacks removed hats in the presence of Whites

Those who ignored social etiquette Were often lynched ,400 lynchings or hangings

Discrimination in the North Many Blacks moved North before and aftger the turn of the century For economic opportunities To escape racial violence and intimidation

BUT Segregated schools, neighborhoods Discrimination in the workplace Rejected by Unions Job competition caused racial violence Were Second Class citizens in the North too

Discrimination in the West Native Americans Hispanics..(especially Mexicans) Asians African Americans

Mexcicans Many had worked for Southwestern railroads Were paid more poorly than most Also worked in mining and agriculture

1902 National Reclamation Act Government aid for reclamation (irrigation) projects Brought many Mexican workers But many were forced into Debt Peonage

Debt Peonage Forced (slave) labor to pay off debts

The Chinese 1880 More than 100,000 Chinese in U.S. Job competition led to nativism Especially after most railroads were built Led to the Chinese Exclusion Act