Roles of producers and consumers Follow energy flow through an ecosystem Different types of consumers Food chains and webs Energy pyramids and trophic levels

AA food chain is simply "who eats what". AA food web weaves together many food chains to form a complicated network of feeding relationships. MMany animals eat more than one thing, and each link in each chain is important and integral to the entire system.

 As an organism eats another through a food chain or web there is a transfer of energy

 Energy transfer through an ecosystem is known as a trophic level  Each time energy is transferred, less of it is available to the organisms at the next trophic level.  Think pyramid figure 3-8 pg.61

 Photosynthesis  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  Cellular Respiration  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy  Notice that cellular respiration is essentially photosynthesis in reverse  Do not confuse cellular respiration (the work cells do) with breathing (respiration).

 Respiration In the cells of living things, the process in which oxygen is used to get energy from food and is converted into carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis The process by which plants make their own food by using water and carbon dioxide ( a gas that's plentiful in the air ) into carbohydrates ( sugars and starches ), using the energy of sunlight.

 Insect typeJob description Environment

 Electron scanning micrograph of a honeybee leg  Any pollen or extraneous material will attach to it  Humans also pick up stuff through the day

 Pesticides –DDT, pyrethins, diasinon  Chemical –ricin, sarin, nerve gas  Biological – Botulism toxin, Anthrax, Smallpox, Plague  Define Sentinel  “One who watches or guards; specifically a solider set to guard an army, camp or other place, from surprise, to observe the approach of danger, and give notice of it; a sentry.”

 Discuss what types of materials/chemicals insects might pick up. How might this happen?  How could this information be used to help us?

 What are some benefits of understanding insect behaviour, what they eat, and where they live?  Discuss the role of insects in a food chain or food web  You should know what a producer, consumer, levels of consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), food web, herbicide, and insecticide

Transpiration

Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation

 Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen cycle The process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen are cycled and recycled through the atmosphere

 What can upset the Carbon Cycle?  By releasing to much Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere at one time.  Burning of Fossil Fuels  Widespread burning of tropical forests As long as there is not more carbon than plants can use, the carbon cycle works well and the system stays in balance.

museum.org/exhibitgcc/causes02.jsp&h=337&w=385&sz=114&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=2d9oPkTJSSq_AM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGreenhouse%2Bgases%26svnum%3D10% 26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN Bessie the Cow Landfill or Dumps

 All organisms need nitrogen to build proteins.  Nitrogen gas =78% of the earth’s atmosphere  Only nitrogen fixing bacteria can use the gas directly.  These bacteria fix nitrogen in a form plants can use  Some of these bacteria live in the roots of plants in a mutualistic relationship. Any extra nitrogen the plant doesn’t need is released into the soil  Nitrogen is returned to the soil in dead and decaying matter and decomposers are needed to break this down and return the nitrogen into the soil again that was locked in the bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria then transform it back into gas to return to the atmosphere

 Succession is a regular pattern of changes over time in the types and species in a community  Can take hundred’s or thousands of years  Primary succession occurs in areas where no ecosystem existed before  eg. Island formed by volcanic eruption or glacier melting to show rock beneath.  Very slow process  Pioneer species include Lichens (fungus and an alga) and bacteria, which don’t need soil to grow  Then mosses to small seed plants

 Break down rock  As they die they build up decaying matter and are added to a building pile of soil  Ephesus

 Secondary succession occurs where an ecosystem has previously existed  Mount St. Helens  Old field abandoned  Fire

You should know that: Organisms can alter the environment in which they live Can happen in ANY ecosystem But … for succession to happen plants must first become established

You should know that: When succession happens naturally, it is a slow and gradual process It can take 100’s of years Unnatural events: Purple Loosestrife Zebra Mussels Pulp Mills affect fish growth