FCAT Life Science

CELL THEORY 1 The cell is the basic unit of living things. Cells are made of compounds. 2 All organisms are made of one or more cells. Cells come from pre-existing cells – Biogenesis= reproduction 3 Spontaneous Generation – Crazy idea that flies were created by rotten food/Frogs from mud.

PLANT CELLSANIMAL CELLS Cell wall – rigid supportCell membrane Controls entrance & exit of materials Nucleus – control centerNucleus Cytoplasm – medium for organellesCytoplasm Cloroplasts – capture light energy for photosynthesis Mitochondria - energyMitochondria Vacuoles(BIG in PLANTS!)-storageVacuoles

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS DIGESTIVE Break down food so nutrients can be absorbed by blood RESPIRATORY Take in oxygen and release CO2 – Carbon Dioxide EXCRETORY Eliminate waste products IMMUNE Fight disease NERVOUS Control breathing, heart rate, responds to environment sends signals to brain. MUSCULOSKELETAL- Support body and allow movement

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF LIVING THINGS: Made up of cells Grow and develop Use energy Metabolize Reproduce Respond to Stimuli Adapt to change Evolve over time Have limited lifespan

LINNEAN CLASSIFICATION – Binomial Nomenclature GENUS – Larger group of organisms with similar structures SPECIES – Organisms of the species can reproduce and have fertile offspring DOMAINS – Archaebacteria/Prokaryotes – Bacteria/Prokaryotes - Eukaryotes KINGDOMS Archaebacteria – single cell no nucleus prokaryote sulfur vents Bacteria – single cell no nucleus prokaryote most bacteria Protista – Single cell nucleus eukaryote single cell algae, paramecia, amoeba Fungi – single or multicellular nucleus yeast & mushrooms Plantae – multicellular nucleus cell wall chloroplasts moss, ferns, plants Animalia- multicellular nucleus sponges, worms, insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds & mammals

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS Mutualism - relationship benefits both species Parasitism – benefits one organism that uses other as a host and causes harm Commensalism – relationship benefits one organism without harming or helping other. Predation – Predator kills and consumes tissues of prey. Competition – Out of limited resources one organism takes an advantage that makes it more fit than another.

REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL – exact copy of one parent’s DNA - mitosis SEXUAL – Genetic material from both parents is combined NOT an exact copy of either parent. Meiosis Hereditary information(DNA) is contains genes in the chromosomes in each cell. Alleles are traits (Black fur Brown fur) Dominant Characteristics are most commonly passed on. Recessive characteristics are less commonly passed on to offspring. Heterozygous mean mixed Homozygous means same Heterozygous trait would be written Hh Homozygous dominant HH Homozygous recessive hh

PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 This equation simply means that carbon dioxide from the air and water combine in the presence of sunlight to form sugars; oxygen is released as a by-product of this reaction. RESPIRATION C6H12O6+6O > 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP This equation means that oxygen combines with sugars to break molecular bonds, releasing the energy (in the form of ATP) contained in those bonds. In addition to the energy released, the products of the reaction are carbon dioxide and water.

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