Earth’s Moon- Our Unique Celestial Neighbor w Definition: a moon is a natural satellite that revolves around a planet Play Guster Satellite from desktop

Origin of Earth’s Moon w Collision between proto-Earth and a Mars- size object. This is known as a Catastrophic Event

The Moon’s Origin Orpheus Theory Borne from a planetary collision between proto-Earth and Orpheus (another planetary object initially between Earth and Mars).proto-Earth and Orpheus

Age of Earth’s Moon w Approximately 4 billion years old (b.y.o) w Evidence- Chemical analysis and radioactive dating of Moon rock collected during Apollo Missions in the 1970’s

Earth’s Moon w Distance: is our closest neighbor in space at an average distance of 238,857 miles

Physical Characteristics w Equatorial Diameter is about one-quarter the size of Earth. This is large compared to “mother planet”- Unique

Gravity Comparison w One- sixth less gravity then Earth because the moon has less mass Walking on the Moon

Temperatures w 240°F in the Sun w - 240°F in the shade w Because there’s no atmosphere to transfer heat

Moon’s Importance w Scientists theorize that without our Moon there may not be humans on Earth w Moon stabilizes Earth’s axial tilt w Without our Moon the Earth have drastic weather changes Bark at the Moon

If We Had No Moon Video Quiz 12. Add question #12 What happens to the body without gravity for a long period of time?

The features of the Moon include: Craters, Marias, Highlands, and Mountains

Did you know the last man on the moon, Gene Cernan, wrote his daughter’s initials on the lunar surface.

Moon Map Activity

Revise the following questions: 4.Identify the largest mare. 5.How many men have walked on the lunar surface? 7. List 5 interesting Lunar Facts not covered in the notes.

Moon’s Motions w The Moon revolves around the Earth counterclockwise in an elliptical orbit

Apogee w Apogee= Away from Earth (distance 252,000 miles w Slowest Velocity Apparent Diameter of Moon: Looks Smaller Pull of Gravity: Less

Perigee w Perigee= Closest to Earth (distance 223,000 miles w Fastest Velocity Pull of Gravity: More Apparent Diameter of Moon: Looks Larger

The apparent difference in Lunar size from Perigee to Apogee

Why do we Always See the Same Side of the Moon? The rotation period of the Moon, with respect to the universe, is exactly the same as the revolution period of the Moon around the Earth. Is this a coincidence? No!  It’s due to Tidal Locking Page 11

Synchronous Motion w Because Moon’s period of revolution and rotation are identical, we view only the near side of the Moon. Never the far side! Page 11

Lunar Phases This causes the “phases” of the Moon Waxing Moon – increasing from day to day Waning Moon – decreasing from day to day w Sunlight illuminates half of the Moon it’s a ball and the Sun is shining on it from one direction

Lunar Cycle w 29.5 Days = Synodic Month or Lunar Month the time it takes the moon to go through its full cycle of phases. For example full to full. w Sidereal Month 27.3 time it takes for the moon to complete 1 full revolution around Earth in relation to the background stars.

Cycle of Lunar Phases  Takes days  This is because when moon gets back to its original position in 27.3 days, the earth has moved 1°/day or about 27°.  The moon moving at l3°/day takes about 2 days to catch up with Earth and align with it and the sun in a new moon phase.

Sidereal vs. Lunar Cycle Moon Stick Demo

Moon Phases w Definition- the cyclic apparent changing of the shape of the Moon w Occurs because Moon revolves around Earth and when viewed from Earth we see different amounts of the sunlit portion of the Moon Page 7

Moon Phases  Half of the moon is always receiving light from the sun.  The “lit” portion that is visible to earth varies as the moon REVOLVES around earth. THIS CAUSES THE PHASES OF THE MOON.  Visible portion of moon growing = waxing  Visible portion of moon shrinking = waning Vocabulary Page 2

The Phase of the Moon The phase of the Moon depends on the relative position between the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon…

Lunar Phases

Phases of the Moon Definition: Apparent change of the shape of the Moon. 1. Caused by ____________________________________ 2. Our Earth view of the changing _________________________________ We see the moon because the sun is reflecting off of it. Waxing: increasing the sunlit portion of the Moon that you see from Earth. Waning: decreasing the sunlit portion of the Moon that you see from Earth. the moon’s revolution around the Earth illuminated part of the moon’s surface Page 37

Phases of the Moon Rap

Identify the Phase w Waxing Crescent

Identify the Phase w First Quarter

Identify the Phase Waning Gibbous

Lunar Cycle w 29.5 Days = Synodic Month or Lunar Month the time it takes the moon to go through its full cycle of phases. For example full to full. w Sidereal Month 27.3 time it takes for the moon to complete 1 full revolution around Earth in relation to the background stars.

Cycle of Lunar Phases  Takes days  This is because when moon gets back to its original position in 27.3 days, the earth has moved 1°/day or about 27°.  The moon moving at l3°/day takes about 2 days to catch up with Earth and align with it and the sun in a new moon phase.

Blue Moon w What is a Blue Moon? w The second full moon in the same month

Lunar Eclipse w Moon goes into Earth’s Shadow w Can only happen in the Full Moon Phase w Total eclipse lasts for 100 minutes w Happens 2 times a year w Can be witnessed by many people w Winter Solstice Eclipses-2010 Winter Solstice Eclipses-2010 w Lunar Eclipses-4:16 Slooh.com Lunar Eclipses-4:16 Slooh.com

Lunar Eclipse

Solar Eclipse w Moon blocks out sunlight from reaching Earth w Day turns to night w Total Solar Eclipse lasts for 7.5 minutes w New Moon Phase w Rare 1 every 200 years for a particular location w Moon Dance Moon Dance w Slow-Quad-total lunar eclipse 12/20/2010 Slow-Quad

Solar Eclipse

Bailey’s Beads Solar Eclipse- Side, Turkey-2006

Annular Solar Eclipse w Moon does not totally obscure the face of the Sun. Why?

Total Solar Eclipse of 21 June 2001 from Zimbabwe See Richard Monk’s webpage on eclipses: astronomy/IAU_eclipses/ Bailey’s Beads Solar Corona “Diamond Ring”

Solar Eclipse Forecast Solar eclipses from 2004 to 2030 Knowing the orbit of the Earth and the Moon, we can now calculate the time and path of solar eclipses with great accuracy.

The Cause of Eclipses: Shadows

Lunar Eclipses

Solar Eclipses

Solar Eclipses Occur when moon’s orbit intersects ecliptic during the new moon phase

Total Solar Eclipses only last about 7 minutes in a very narrow range across Earth

Eclipse facts Lunar eclipses can only occur during a full moon. Solar eclipses can only occur during a new moon. A Solar eclipse always occurs two weeks before or after a lunar eclipse. Eclipses very often occur in threes, alternating lunar, solar and lunar.

Eclipse facts The maximum time a lunar eclipse can last is 3 hours and 40 minutes. The longest time the Moon can stay in totality is 1 hour 40 minutes. The maximum time for a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 40 seconds. The maximum time for an annular solar eclipse is 12 minutes 24 seconds. Lunar eclipses can occur up to 3 times a year.

Eclipse facts Solar eclipses can occur at least 2 and no more than 5 times a year. Lunar eclipses are visible over an entire hemisphere. Solar eclipses are visible in a narrow path a maximum of 167 miles wide (269km.) At any geographic position on the Earth, a total solar eclipse occur an average of once every 360 years.

Eclipse facts The cycle of eclipses repeats every 18.6 years called the saros. The eclipse shadow moves at 2,000 mph at the Earth's poles and 1,000 mph at the Earth's equator.

Uniform water level Moon Moon’s orbit The twice-daily rise and fall of Earth’s oceans— known as the tide—is a result of gravitational pulls from the moon and the sun. VOCABULARY Tides The Moving Ocean Low tide Direct high tide Indirect high tide tides perigee apogee

Tides reach different levels depending on Earth’s location in relation to the moon and sun. High tides are higher and low tides are lower when the moon, sun, and Earth are aligned. High tides are not as high and low tides are not as low as usual when the moon and sun are not in line with Earth. VOCABULARY Tides The Moving Ocean The twice-daily rise and fall of Earth’s oceans— known as the tide—is a result of gravitational pulls from the moon and the sun. tides perigee apogee

Earth Moon Moon Spring Tides The gravitational affects of the moon and sun combine to influence the flow of the oceans on Earth. New Moon Phase of the moon? Full Moon Phase of the moon? Moon New Moon Phase of the moon? Higher high tides and lower low tides

Spring Tides w Occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are all aligned in a straight line. w Can only occur in the Full and New Moon phases w Strong tides- Higher than normal high tides and lower than normal low tides (large tidal range)

Earth Moon Moon First Quarter Phase of the moon? Third Quarter Phase of the moon? Neap Tides The gravitational affects of the moon and sun fight each other with their influence on the flow of the oceans on Earth. Moon Third Quarter Phase of the moon? Lowest high tides and highest low tides

Neap Tides w Occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned at a 90° angle. w Can only occur in the Quarter Moon phases w Weak tides- Lower than normal high tides and higher than normal low tides (small tidal range) w Moonlight Drive- Doors Moonlight Drive- Doors

Tides Perigee: The point closest to Earth in the moon’s orbit. Apogee: The point farthest to Earth in the moon’s orbit.

Daily Cycle of Tides  Driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and Sun  Affected by nearness of the moon more than the size of the Sun  As earth rotates, the tides move around the Earth alternating between high and low tides approximately every 6 hours.the tides move  Man on the Moon Man on the Moon

Tides w Definition- the periodic rising and falling of the oceans w Caused by the Moon’s gravity w Affected by the Earth’s rotation w 2 types- Spring and Neap

Spring Tides – Neap Tides  Tidal range: Difference in height between high tide and low tide  Spring Tides: new and full moon phase – greatest range  Neap Tides: 1 st and 3 rd Quarter phases – smallest range