Retrofit solutions to meet Euro VI requirements 12 th March 2015 Dan Williams Account Executive – HDD Non-road and Retrofit

Confidential 1 Global legislation chart

Confidential 2 Background Many countries are facing EU infraction proceedings for exceeding levels of harmful pollutants. There has been an increased focus on Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) with London and Paris recently coming under the spotlight. Currently within the UK 16 out of 43 zones are not complying with the EU annual limits for NO 2 (40μg/m³) with some breaking the hourly limit (200 μg/m³). Many European countries and cities are looking to initiate Low Emission Zones (or schemes) that will target reducing emissions of NO X and NO 2 with either defined limits, or stipulating a minimum Euro standard of vehicle being able to enter the zone.

Confidential 3 Transport for London - ULEZ Transport for London (TfL) have recently published, as part of the Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) consultation process a list of typical emissions of double-deck buses operating in London. These have been measured over the Millbrook London Transport Bus (MLTB) drive cycle.

Confidential 4 What is considered Euro VI ‘equivalent’? Meeting equivalent emissions levels over a ‘real world driving cycle’ such as MLTB? Meeting Euro VI emissions targets over a simulated legislative test such as World Harmonised Vehicle Cycle (WHVC)*? Meeting all requirements as defined in EU directive No 595/2009 for Euro VI type approval? Meeting in-field conformity requirements (still to be defined by the European Commission)? Additional consideration for Secondary Emissions of Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) and Methane (CH 4 ) – Not currently legislated in Europe? *NB: WHVC is NOT used for regulatory testing

Confidential 5 Transport for London view on ‘Euro VI’ Target emissions: NOX – 0.5g/km NO2 – 0.1g/km PM – 0.01g/km PN – 6.0x10 11 Secondary Emissions: <10ppm NH 3 <5% CO 2eq of N 2 O and CH 4 Courtesy of Finn Coyle (Over-ground Emissions Manager TfL)

Confidential 6

7 Testing Methods Chassis Dynamometer testing: MLTB WHVC Engine Testbed: WHTC PEMS – in-field Other methods? Retrofit NO X monitoring/logging physical downloads? Remote monitoring solutions?

Confidential 8 Chassis Dyno testing MLTB and WHVC MLTB: Simulating real world conditions for route 159 (Streatham to Baker Street via Whitehall and Oxford Street) Considered the UK (and some European) standard for bus emissions testing WHVC: Chassis dynamometer test developed based on the same set of data used for the development of the World Harmonized Transient Cycle NB: NOT used for regulatory testing

Confidential 9 PEMS – Portable Emissions Measurement System Specialist equipment that can measure emissions of vehicles whilst operating in real world conditions. Used by Brighton and Hove (with Ricardo AEA) to monitor bus fleet ahead of LEZ introduction Air Quality News - November 28, 2014

Confidential 10 Potential challenges? Removal of existing after treatment system Limited space to install new after treatment system Meeting emissions for legislative and ULEZ limits On-board diagnostic integration VCA Type Approval if removing existing aftertreatment Every vehicle has different requirements / challenges Local regulations Temperatures required for reductant (AdBlue™) injection Hybrid start/stop technology and associated thermal management