Indigenous Americas By Jess and Jack

North America

Mesoamerica

South America

Works Cited BARRON’S AP ART HISTORY Khan Academy AP Art History Book History.com

American Art -Ancient America can be divided into many cultural and historical groupings. -Art in these regions are often animal based and used in shamanistic rituals. -Art was made from local materials especially stone. - Mesoamerican Art: ( Mexico, Guatemalan, Honduras, Belize) is characterized by architectural structures such as pyramids, and influence of astronomy and colanders on ritual objects. Also great value was placed on green objects like jade. -Andean Art: (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador) This art is characterized by shamanistic rituals involving a special reverence and respect of the natural world. Many of their works have been found in graves. -North American Indians: (North America) These people have experienced ongoing persecution and change since the arrival of the Europeans and their remaining art is mostly larger monuments. -Modern Native Americans: These people maintain their active cultural identities today. Their art includes decorative motifs with animal and geometric designs.

Chavin de Huantar B.C.E. -Northern highlands, Peru -Chavin temple -stone architectural complex made of stone corridors, granite sculpture, and hammered gold alloy /jewelry -A religious capital -Guarded by a jaguar sculpture a sign of power -Entrance was hidden - inside the Lanzon stone, a fifteen foot blade depicts a powerful figure with the body of a human with fangs and claws. This blade was most likely used as a cult figure or center of a pilgrimage. - What sculpture is in the city?

Mesa Verde cliff dwellings C.E. Montezuma county, Colorado -Ancestral Puebloan/ Anasazi art= “ancient ones” most famous for their pueblos which often face a town plaza, a religious or social center. -Made of sandstone -Clans of about 250 moved and lived together for mutual support and defense -Each family had one dwelling room -Plateaus above pueblos housed all farming. Water and any other materials had to be transported there - top ledge kept all supplies dry and cool - What civilization created the pueblos?

Yaxchilan 726 C.E. Chiapas, Mexico -Maya=art known for their concept of ideal beauty. Figures if gods are stylized and placed in hieratic posses and are often shown with tattoos or crossed eyes. Chacmool ( figure that is half sitting and half lying on his back) is found in many Mayan cities. -Architectural complex made of limestone -Set on high terrace -Building dedicated to Bird Jaguar IV -Has three entrances and overlooks plaza - stone decorations on roof top - The three entrances is similar but cannot be attributed to _____.

Great Serpent Mound 1070 C.E. Adams County, Ohio -Mississippian= Communities based on agricultural, that created many mound structure -Effigy Shape or uncertain meaning -Possible reasons for creation Symbol of crop fertility For the passing of Haley’s Comet Other Astrological Phenomenon Head of the Snake faces the Summer Solstice -Widely acknowledged as NOT a burial site - Name one possible reason for the mound and one debunked reason?

Templo Mayor (Main Temple) C.E. Aztec= Represented by gold jewelry and jade and turquoise carvings. Another Aztec cultural facet is grounded in religion, where they practice blood-letting and other human sacrifices to the god Coyolxauhqui. - Tenochtitlan, Mexico -Part of a grid like city -Two temples with separate stair cases leading to each of them -Each Temple was for a different god, Tlalco is represented by the North Temple and South is for Huitzilopochtli -During the Spring and Autumn Equinoxes the sun shines between each temple -Destroyed when the Spaniards arrived in the city - How many temples are on top of Temple Mayor? Today

Theme: Religion Temple Mayor For religious worship, and was around as early as the foundation of the city. Rebuilt several times for new rulers and due to flooding. Temple Mayor was the center of the capital and the empire, literally. Composed of two temples above and hundreds of steps below. Has the Coyolxauhqui stone at the base to show the importance of the god. Temple of Minerva Made of cement, grind stones. Front is the focus with the 3 entrance ways and pediment as well as columns in the front. Has steps leading up to the entrances. On the roof lay the gods and goddesses as well as floral. Was obviously for religious worship, and the architect is unknown. Both: Focus toward the front and above, both were destroyed, for religious purposes, focuses of the area, display gods in sculpture, and held the highest reverences in society

Ruler’s feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma ii) C.E. -Feathers, quetzal and cotinga, and gold -400 Feathers from the quetzal bird symbolizes eternity -Most likely a gift to Cortes to Motecuhzoma - What is a quetzal?

City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple) 1440 C.E. Inkan= Built many well-designed cities in inhospitable areas. Used a technique called ashlars masonry where they fitted stones into a jig-saw pattern. Used well- organized roads across the empire uniting it. - Santo Domingo, Central Highlands, Peru -Capital City -Shaped of a Puma, which was a royal animal -Head of the Puma is a fortress and belly is the plaza Qorikancha -Main Temple of Santo Domingo, made from sandstone - Once had a golden enclosure -At one time was used as an observatory -Trapezoidal roof - How many important pieces are shown?

Maize cobs C.E. -Made of sheet metal, gold, and silver -Charm to represent successful harvest -May have been a piece to a larger sculpture -Black maize - Why would the Inkan’s create this?

Machu Picchu C.E. - Central Highlands, Peru - Granite -Royal Palace/ Royal Retreat -Thatched Roofs - Built wit stone and precise carvings -Buildings including houses, temples, palaces and baths

All T’oqapu tunic C.E. - Camelid fiber and cotton -Rectangular shape and slit in the middle where head goes when being worn. - t’opaqu – small rectangular shapes w symbolic of individuals or events. -Tunic may have been worn by an Inkan ruler and signifies status. - abstract and standard designs expresses unity and order of Inkan art - The small rectangular shapes represent that represent individuals or events are called ____.

Bandoiler bag 1850 C.E. North American= art was made from local supplies. Wood was used in the Pacific south west,. Clay plant fibers, and wool were used in the Southwest. Hides were used in all areas where large animals like deer and bison were found. North Americans were mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic (Southwest Indians lived by the use of agriculture). Plains Indians depicted events or myths by drawing on hides. European settlers later influenced the style of these people. Delaware Tribe, Eastern Woodlands Beadwork on leather with slit at top. strap across chest made from traded cloth like cotton, wool, velvet, or leather done when Europeans were present in Americas beads were imported from Europe beautiful object of prestige worn by women Name one component material?

Transformation mask 1800s C.E. - Northwest coast of Canada -Wood, paint, and string -From the Pacific Northwest People -Part of a costume -Turn away from the audience as they open the mask - Fun fact, this inspired the Seahawks logo

Painted elk hide C.E. -Eastern Shoshone, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming -Elk Hide -Cotsiogo or Cadzi Cody’s -Story of his life -Worn as a robe -Used in European and American market -Showed the bison’s and the horses of the Plains people -Bison are gifts from the Creator -Horses were used to fight for freedom -Sundance, which eventually became outlawed by the U.S. and Teepee, which was used for shelter, illustrated -Poles of teepee reach heaven -Attributed to….?

Black-on-black ceramic vessel -New Mexico - Highly polished surface Contrast between matte black finish and shiny black finish 1,000 year old tradition of pottery making in Southwest at the time the vessel was made modern life was replacing traditional life Maria and Julian Martinez, Tewa Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo Revival of pueblo techniques invented more shapes than traditional pueblos Julian painted pots Maria made pots Exceptional symmetry, walls have even thickness, no imperfect surfaces - Creators of these pieces?

Theme: power and narrative All T’oqapu Tunic Bayeux Tapestry The All Toqapu Tunic is decorated with little geometric, registered squares that represent individuals, events, or places. The bright variety of colors show power and wealth. These colors and intricate designs were done with fine threads and expert weaving. The black and white checkered patterned t’oqapu represents the Inkan. military. The Bayeux Tapestry was made to tell a story. It is a story of political power and also justification of the Norman’s invasion of England. The entire tapestry was done with expert embroidery taking many years to complete. It was later presented to Bishop Odo. It show the events of before the war, during the invasion, and after as king William the conqueror is victorious. It justifies the victory by portraying king Harold as a liar. This textile also has registered areas on top and bottom of the main story. Both: Both pieces of art are not made of precious gems or metals, but still considered very precious and a symbol of power in their society. Both pieces also show a story or symbolize important events, individuals, and places in their society.

The American Civilizations lost their cultures with the arrival of Europeans resulting from their attacks, emphasizing the lack of later pieces.

Bibliography Khan Academy nities/art-americas/south-america- early/inca-art/a/all-toqapu-tunic Encyclopedia.com ayeux_tapestry.aspx