KINGDOMS AND CRUSADES CHAPTER 10 SECTION 3 1

ALFRED THE GREAT king of Wessex king of Wessex drove Vikings out of Britain drove Vikings out of Britain united Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united Anglo-Saxon kingdoms new kingdom known as “Angleland” or “England” new kingdom known as “Angleland” or “England” founded schools founded schools hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in Anglo- Saxon language hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in Anglo- Saxon language weak rulers followed weak rulers followed 2

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR ruler of Normandy (part of north/western France) ruler of Normandy (part of north/western France) descendant of Viking ruler who conquered Normandy descendant of Viking ruler who conquered Normandy cousin of King Edward of England cousin of King Edward of England when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson claimed throne when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson claimed throne William believed he was rightful king William believed he was rightful king William & his army defeated Harold & his foot soldiers at Battle of Hastings William & his army defeated Harold & his foot soldiers at Battle of Hastings crowned king of England crowned king of England became known as William the Conqueror became known as William the Conqueror 3

Anglo-Saxon resisted his rule Anglo-Saxon resisted his rule gave land to Norman knights gave land to Norman knights made them swear loyalty to him as ruler made them swear loyalty to him as ruler officials & nobles spoke French officials & nobles spoke French Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, later known as English later known as English took first census since Roman times took first census since Roman times known as Domesday Book known as Domesday Book counted people, manors, & farm animals counted people, manors, & farm animals 4

HENRY II King of England King of England used law courts to increase his power used law courts to increase his power central court with trained lawyers & judges central court with trained lawyers & judges circuit judges traveled country hearing cases circuit judges traveled country hearing cases established common law established common law same laws throughout whole kingdom same laws throughout whole kingdom set up juries to handle argument over land set up juries to handle argument over land grand jury – decided whether people should be accused of a crime grand jury – decided whether people should be accused of a crime trial jury – decided whether an accused person was innocent or guilty trial jury – decided whether an accused person was innocent or guilty 5

KING JOHN “ The Bad King from Robin Hood” son of Henry II son of Henry II raised taxes raised taxes punished enemies without a trial punished enemies without a trial English noble resented his power English noble resented his power refused to obey unless guaranteed certain rights refused to obey unless guaranteed certain rights forced king to sign Magna Carta, or the Great Charter at Runnymede forced king to sign Magna Carta, or the Great Charter at Runnymede 6

MAGNA CARTA a document of rights a document of rights king & vassals both had certain rights & duties king & vassals both had certain rights & duties established people have rights established people have rights power of government should be limited power of government should be limited took away some of king’s power took away some of king’s power no longer collect taxes unless Great Council agreed no longer collect taxes unless Great Council agreed freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial by their peers or equals freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial by their peers or equals 7

PARLIAMENT King Edward I held meeting of people from different parts of England King Edward I held meeting of people from different parts of England job was to advise king & help make laws job was to advise king & help make laws step towards representative government step towards representative government original Parliament original Parliament two knight from every county two knight from every county two people from every town two people from every town all high-ranking nobles and church officials all high-ranking nobles and church officials later Parliament later Parliament divided into two houses divided into two houses House of Lords House of Lords high-ranking nobles high-ranking nobles church officials church officials House of Commons House of Commons townspeople townspeople 8

KINGDOM OF FRANCE Charlemagne’s empire divided into three parts Charlemagne’s empire divided into three parts western region – Kingdom of France western region – Kingdom of France Hugh Capet – first Capetian king Hugh Capet – first Capetian king Capetians controlled area around Paris – capital Capetians controlled area around Paris – capital French nobles had more power than kings French nobles had more power than kings changed when Philip II became king changed when Philip II became king 9

went to war against England went to war against England conquered most of western France territory conquered most of western France territory result – French kings gained more land & became more powerful result – French kings gained more land & became more powerful Philip IV – called Philip the Fair Philip IV – called Philip the Fair met with representatives of three estates, or classes, of French society met with representatives of three estates, or classes, of French society first estate – clergy (ordained as priests) first estate – clergy (ordained as priests) second estate – nobles second estate – nobles third estate – townspeople or peasants third estate – townspeople or peasants meeting began the Estates-General meeting began the Estates-General France’s first parliament France’s first parliament first step towards representative government first step towards representative government 10

EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA Slavs Slavs organized villages in Eastern Europe organized villages in Eastern Europe made up of families related to each other made up of families related to each other shared land, animals, tools, seeds, etc shared land, animals, tools, seeds, etc built houses partly underground built houses partly underground kept family warm during cold winters kept family warm during cold winters divided into three major groups divided into three major groups 11

three major groups three major groups Southern Southern Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians Western Western Poles, Czechs, & Slovaks Poles, Czechs, & Slovaks Eastern Eastern Ukrainians, Belorussians, & Russians Ukrainians, Belorussians, & Russians controlled land between Carpathian Mountains & Volga River controlled land between Carpathian Mountains & Volga River created farmland by chopping down forests & burning trees to fertilize the soil created farmland by chopping down forests & burning trees to fertilize the soil planted barley, rye, & flax planted barley, rye, & flax 12

KIEVAN RUS KIEVAN RUS A medieval state Vikings moved into Slav territory Vikings moved into Slav territory became rulers became rulers Slavs called Viking rulers “The Rus” Slavs called Viking rulers “The Rus” Oleg – Viking leader Oleg – Viking leader created Rus state around city of Kiev created Rus state around city of Kiev called Kievan Rus called Kievan Rus main ruler – Grand Duke of Kiev main ruler – Grand Duke of Kiev Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, & landowning nobles helped him govern Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, & landowning nobles helped him govern 13

Rulers who followed increased Kievan Rus size Rulers who followed increased Kievan Rus size from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in south from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in south from Danube River in west to Volga River in west from Danube River in west to Volga River in west growth attracted missionaries from Byzantine Empire growth attracted missionaries from Byzantine Empire Vladimir - Rus ruler Vladimir - Rus ruler married sister of Byzantine emperor married sister of Byzantine emperor became Eastern Orthodox Christian became Eastern Orthodox Christian declared his people Eastern Orthodox declared his people Eastern Orthodox 14

MONGOL INVASION Slavs call Mongols “Tatars” Slavs call Mongols “Tatars” named after Mongol tribe- the Tata people named after Mongol tribe- the Tata people destroyed almost all major cities destroyed almost all major cities only city spared was Novgorod only city spared was Novgorod Novgorod rulers (and Russian) Novgorod rulers (and Russian) had to pay tribute (enforced payment) to khan (supreme ruler) had to pay tribute (enforced payment) to khan (supreme ruler) accept Mongols as their rulers accept Mongols as their rulers faced attacks by Germans & Swedes faced attacks by Germans & Swedes Prince Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Germans & Swedes Prince Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Germans & Swedes Mongols reward him with title “grand duke” Mongols reward him with title “grand duke” 15

THE RISE OF MOSCOW Slavs moved north and founded a new settlement called “Moscow” Slavs moved north and founded a new settlement called “Moscow” Moscow prospered because it was located at a crossroads of several major trade routes Moscow prospered because it was located at a crossroads of several major trade routes Moscow rulers cooperated with Mongols, so the rulers were allowed to collect taxes from other Slavs. This helped to expand their territory. Moscow rulers cooperated with Mongols, so the rulers were allowed to collect taxes from other Slavs. This helped to expand their territory. 16

THE CRUSADES Christian holy war Christian holy war total of ten crusades total of ten crusades Muslim Turks seized control of Byzantine lands in Asia Minor in 1071 Muslim Turks seized control of Byzantine lands in Asia Minor in 1071 Byzantine emperor asks pope for help to save his Christian empire from the Muslim invaders Byzantine emperor asks pope for help to save his Christian empire from the Muslim invaders Pope Urban II Pope Urban II asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against Muslim Turks asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against Muslim Turks urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy Land urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy Land 17

EARLY VICTORIES red cross: sign of obedience to pope’s call red cross: sign of obedience to pope’s call First Crusade First Crusade The Cursaders captured… The Cursaders captured… Antioch in Syria in 1098 Antioch in Syria in 1098 Jerusalem in 1099 Jerusalem in 1099 crusaders created four states controlled by Europe: crusaders created four states controlled by Europe: Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine country of Edessa—in Asia Minor country of Edessa—in Asia Minor principality of Antioch in Asia Minor principality of Antioch in Asia Minor country of Tripoli (Lebanon today) country of Tripoli (Lebanon today) The states were surrounded by Muslims The states were surrounded by Muslims depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for supplies depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for supplies Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144 Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144 European rulers sent another crusade to regain lost lands European rulers sent another crusade to regain lost lands Second crusade a total failure and the win went to the Muslims Second crusade a total failure and the win went to the Muslims 18

Muslim named Saladin became ruler of Egypt Muslim named Saladin became ruler of Egypt united Muslims united Muslims declared war against Christian states declared war against Christian states brilliant commander brilliant commander defeated Christians defeated Christians captured Jerusalem in 1187 captured Jerusalem in 1187 led to Third Crusade led to Third Crusade DEFEAT 19

European rulers gathered armies to fight Saladin European rulers gathered armies to fight Saladin Frederic emperor of Holy Roman Empire Frederic emperor of Holy Roman Empire drowned crossing a river drowned crossing a river King Richard I of England King Richard I of England Richard the Lion-Hearted “Good King from Robin Hood” Richard the Lion-Hearted “Good King from Robin Hood” captured a coastal city captured a coastal city agreed to truce with Saladin agreed to truce with Saladin Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety THIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMS 20

FOURTH CRUSADE called by Pope Innocent III called by Pope Innocent III Venice merchants used crusade to weaken trading rival (Byzantine Empire) Venice merchants used crusade to weaken trading rival (Byzantine Empire) convinced crusaders to attack Constantinople convinced crusaders to attack Constantinople burned looted city burned looted city shocked Western Europeans shocked Western Europeans weakened Byzantines weakened Byzantines 21

AFFECT ON EUROPE increased trade between Europe & Middle East increased trade between Europe & Middle East helped break down feudalism helped break down feudalism nobles who joined Crusades sold land & freed serfs nobles who joined Crusades sold land & freed serfs reduced their power reduced their power helped Kings build stronger centralized governments helped Kings build stronger centralized governments Kings taxed new trade with Middle East Kings taxed new trade with Middle East taxes built stronger kingdoms in Western Europe taxes built stronger kingdoms in Western Europe 22

AFFECT ON EUROPE As a result of coming in contact with Byzantines and Muslims, they gained new knowledge: As a result of coming in contact with Byzantines and Muslims, they gained new knowledge: Build domes and create mosaics Build domes and create mosaics Better ships and more accurate maps Better ships and more accurate maps Learned how to use a compass for directions Learned how to use a compass for directions Increased trade of spices, sugar, lemon, and silk Increased trade of spices, sugar, lemon, and silk 23