RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE Some basic postulates … Walter G. Green III, Ph.D., FACCP Disaster Theory Series No. 4 Copyright 2008 by Walter G. Green III

DISASTER RESISTANCE  Implies the ability to: Resist the onset and impact of a disaster Continue to function at close to normal capacity and capability Resume normal operations with minimal disruption Defeat the impact of the event

DISASTER RESILIENCE  Implies the ability to: Absorb the impact of a disaster Gracefully degrade under the impact In such a way that we can return to normal operations with the least possible delay and the least possible dysfunction Limit the impact of the event

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES  Resistance measures: Levees to deal with river flooding Building codes to protect against fire, high winds, etc. Well developed emergency services Cleared ground around homes to protect against wildfires

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES  Resilience measures: Shelters and evacuation planning Community volunteer teams such as CERT, ARES, RACES Community disaster recovery task forces Backup generators

POSTULATE 1  Resistance and resilience are complimentary  Impact – resist vs. absorb  Function – continue vs. gracefully degrade  Resume operations – minimal delay vs. least possible  Defeat vs. limit

POSTULATE 2  No community can be resistant or resilient to all hazards  May be resistant to some hazards  May be resilient when faced with other hazards  May be vulnerable to still others

POSTULATE 2 continued  The classic example – even with the best civil defence measures in the world, few communities would even meet minimal resilience criteria if they were targeted by multiple 1-5 megaton nuclear weapons

POSTULATE 3  Cost increases as you move from resilience to resistance  At the same time specificity may well also increase so that a specific resistance measure may have limited utility against other threats

POSTULATE 4  There is a reasonable compromise: plan to achieve resistance where possible against high value threats, and achieve resilience for those we cannot reasonably resist

POSTULATE 5  Resistance and resilience are achieved in differing programmatic phases  For a community with no recent disasters: Resistance – mitigation and preparedness Resilience – preparedness, response, recovery

POSTULATE 5 continued  For a community with a recent disaster: Resistance – mitigation, preparedness, recovery Resilience – preparedness, response, recovery

POSTULATE 6  Effective resistance and resilience requires: Coordinated integrated effort Long term commitment Partnership between government, business and industry, voluntary agencies, and the citizenry

POSTULATE 7  The more resistant and resilient a community is: The less the damage from a bad event. The cheaper the disaster costs (balanced against increased emergency management costs). The more rapid the return to normal. The lower the rate of dysfunction in the community post disaster.