Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 1 Early Efforts to End Slavery, p Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglas. - Abolitionists = A growing number of reformers who wanted to abolish, or end slavery. - Pre-1776 = Some Americans had tried to limit or end slavery Constitutionals Convention compromise. - Northern states made slavery illegal by the early 1800s, but in South slavery continued. - Religious revival and reform movements gave new life to abolitionism. -Many Quakers, like Benjamin Lundy, led the anti-slavery movement.

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 2 American Colonization Society -1 st large-scale antislavery effort was about relocating slaves in Africa or the Caribbean, not abolishing slavery. - A.C.S. formed in Virginia (1816) by whites worked to free slaves by gradually buying them from their owners, then they would send them abroad to begin new lives. - (1822) Freed AA arrived in Liberia (place of freedom) in west Africa. Became an inde- pendent country in ,000 to 20,000 AAs continued to move there until end of the U.S. Civil War (1865). The A.C.S did not halt slavery in U.S. In fact, slavery continued to grow (only a few could be sent to Liberia and many AAs didn’t want to go there).

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 3 The Movement Changes -Reformers realized they had failed. - Cotton in Deep South made it more depend- ent on slaves. -About 1830 the American anti-slavery move- ment took a new life – it became the most important social issue for reformers. William Lloyd Garrison - Left Mass. in 1829 to work for country’s leading antislavery newspaper in Baltimore. - Returned to Boston in 1831 after becoming frustrated with paper’s moderate position. -Founded his own paper, The Liberator, in Boston in Called for “immediate and complete emancipation (freeing of slaves).”

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 4 - Garrison attracted followers by denouncing the slow methods of others. - In 1832 we started the New England Anti- slavery Society. - In 1833 be began the American Antislavery society. - The abolitionist movement grew rapidly. His societies had more than 1000 chapters, or local branches by The Grimke Sisters - Sarah and Angelina Grimke (S.C.) were two sisters who were among the first women to publicly denounce slavery. Moved to Philly in They lectured and wrote about the movement in the North. Asked and got their share of inheritance in the form of slaves.

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 5 African American Abolitionists - Most non-slave AAs lived in poverty. Often attacked by white mobs and were excluded from good jobs. - However, they were very proud of their freedom and worked tirelessly to held their enslaved relatives. -In 1827 Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm the country’s first AA newspaper, Freedom’s Journal. - David Walker had been born a free man and wrote that slavery should be overthrown by force. “America is more our country than it is the whites.” - In 1830 free AAs held their 1 st convention in Philadelphia. They met to devise ways for bettering their condition began AA college.

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 6 Frederick Douglas - Best known AA abolitionist. Born in Maryland as a slave. Taught himself to read and write. Escape slavery in Lived in Mass. then NY. - Joined the Mass. Antislavery Society and he traveled widely to speak at AS meetings. - Edited an antislavery newspaper (Northstar) for 16 years. Traveled abroad (London & West Indies, speaking about slavery. -Believed freedom AND equality with whites. - His freedom was bought from owner from who he escaped (1847). Sojourner Truth -Born a slave in NY was Belle Baumfree. She escaped in 1826 was officially free in 1827.

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 7 - Chose the name Sojourner Truth (walking in God’s truth) in She worked for abolitionists and for women’s rights. The Underground Railroad - Network of escape routes from the South to the North. Abolitionists helped escaping slaves Mostly they traveled at night using safe houses and mostly traveling on foot at first. - Later escaping slaves traveled in wagons with secret compartments. - If they made it to a free state, they stopped and lived their, or went on to Canada. - Previously escaped slave Harriet Tubman was one of the most famous “conductors.”

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 8 Clashes Over Abolitionism - Most Southerners hated abolitionists. - Many people in the North also hated them. Opposition in the North - Northern abolitionists made-up a small per- centage of the population. - Many though abolitionists might bring on a war between the states. They were also worried that escaped slaves might flood the North and take away jobs. -Violence erupted in Philadelphia, and even in Boston where a mob threatened to hang William L. Garrison. - Elijah Lovejoy was an abolitionist paper editor who was attacked 3 times & killed the 4 th.

Chapter 14: The Age of Reform: Section Two - The Abolitionists 9 The South Reacts - Said slavery was essential to the South and they fought against abolitionism in a deadly manner. - Said they treated slaves decently and that they were better off than Northern factory workers. - Called it “wage slavery.” - Other Southerners said that it was God’s will that whites enslave blacks. -The controversy continued to mount as the years went on between abolitionists and the Southerners. - Women’s rights movement was new and many abolitionists also joined them in their fight.