New World Encyclopedia Encyclopedia

Pioneered by Claude Debussy Pioneered by Claude Debussy Debussy Encyclopedia Britannica – “static harmony, emphasis on instrumental timbres that creates a shimmering interplay of “colours,” melodies that lack directed motion, surface ornamentation that obscures or substitutes for melody, and an avoidance of traditional musical form.” Encyclopedia Britannica – “static harmony, emphasis on instrumental timbres that creates a shimmering interplay of “colours,” melodies that lack directed motion, surface ornamentation that obscures or substitutes for melody, and an avoidance of traditional musical form.” Encyclopedia Composers – Debussy, Ravel, da Falla, Satie Composers – Debussy, Ravel, da Falla, SatieDebussy Ravelda FallaSatieDebussy Ravelda FallaSatie

With advances in technology people could now record music. With advances in technology people could now record music. With the development of the phonograph and then the record player, people were able to enjoy music at home without having to be musicians themselves. With the development of the phonograph and then the record player, people were able to enjoy music at home without having to be musicians themselves. Radio – first device used for mass communication. Radio – first device used for mass communication. More and more people had radios in their homes and were able to receive news, music, and other entertainment. More and more people had radios in their homes and were able to receive news, music, and other entertainment.

Experimentation is the main theme of music in the 20 th century. Even more so than in the Romantic period, composers wanted to focus on incorporating new elements into classical, rewriting the rules and sometimes upsetting the public. Experimentation is the main theme of music in the 20 th century. Even more so than in the Romantic period, composers wanted to focus on incorporating new elements into classical, rewriting the rules and sometimes upsetting the public.upsetting the publicupsetting the public Composers began using ordinary objects to create music and incorporated them into symphonies and even solo works. They also experimented with unique tonalities and dissonance. Composers began using ordinary objects to create music and incorporated them into symphonies and even solo works. They also experimented with unique tonalities and dissonance. Another compositional technique used by composers was to combine genres. An example of this would be Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin. Another compositional technique used by composers was to combine genres. An example of this would be Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin. Rhapsody in Blue Rhapsody in Blue

Rite of Spring - Ballet and orchestral work depicting the sacrifice of a young girl to the god of Spring during ancient Russia. Rite of Spring - Ballet and orchestral work depicting the sacrifice of a young girl to the god of Spring during ancient Russia. Rite of Spring Rite of Spring The clothing from this time in Russian history is unknown so the costume designers used Native American dress as inspiration. The clothing from this time in Russian history is unknown so the costume designers used Native American dress as inspiration. In order to be more socially sensitive current producers of the ballet use non-defining costume. In order to be more socially sensitive current producers of the ballet use non-defining costume. Firebird Suite Firebird Suite Firebird Suite Firebird Suite

Russian Composer Russian Composer Lived much of his life outside of Russia, and so was not affected by the artistic oppression of the Communist government. He was able to write using dissonance and experimental techniques, whereas composers in the Soviet Union were not allowed to use much dissonance and were forced to write music that sounded “Russian”. Lived much of his life outside of Russia, and so was not affected by the artistic oppression of the Communist government. He was able to write using dissonance and experimental techniques, whereas composers in the Soviet Union were not allowed to use much dissonance and were forced to write music that sounded “Russian”.

Atonal music is a generalizing term used to define music that seems to lack a clear tonal center. – does not establish a key. Atonal music is a generalizing term used to define music that seems to lack a clear tonal center. – does not establish a key. Nearly all music in the western classical tradition is considered 'tonal': that is, its harmonic structure is primarily triadic and hierarchically organized around a prominent tonal center. Nearly all music in the western classical tradition is considered 'tonal': that is, its harmonic structure is primarily triadic and hierarchically organized around a prominent tonal center. Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg Pierrot Lunaire Pierrot Lunaire Wozzeck by Alban Berg – Atonal Opera Wozzeck by Alban Berg – Atonal Opera Wozzeck Twelve Tone Music Twelve Tone Music Twelve Tone Twelve Tone

A Survivor From Warsaw A Survivor From Warsaw – Arnold Schoenberg

Tone Cluster Tone Cluster Quarter Tones Quarter Tones Polytonality Polytonality Charles Ives – Holiday Symphony - Fourth of July Charles Ives – Holiday Symphony - Fourth of July Fourth of July Fourth of July

Other examples of Neoclassical pieces. Holberg Suite – Grieg – 1884Holberg Suite Pulcinella – Stravinsky Pulcinella

Composers in the 20 th century were trying to find ways of creating new and unique sounds – often with a haunting effect. Composers in the 20 th century were trying to find ways of creating new and unique sounds – often with a haunting effect. They would find non-musical objects to create sounds with (cans, scraps of metal, plant materials) or looked for new ways that instruments to make sounds (different bowing techniques, prepared piano). They would find non-musical objects to create sounds with (cans, scraps of metal, plant materials) or looked for new ways that instruments to make sounds (different bowing techniques, prepared piano).bowing techniques prepared pianobowing techniques prepared piano John Cage John CageCage

Chamber ensembles consisting of odd parings of instruments. Chamber ensembles consisting of odd parings of instruments. For various reasons composers began writing pieces for unconventional ensembles, such as Bela Bartok’s Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta. For various reasons composers began writing pieces for unconventional ensembles, such as Bela Bartok’s Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta. Bartok Quartet for the End of Time – Messiaen. Quartet for the End of Time – Messiaen.Messiaen This piece was written while Messiaen was in Stalag, a concentration camp, during WWII. This piece was written while Messiaen was in Stalag, a concentration camp, during WWII.Messiaen

Aleatory music is basically that has a random nature. It gives the performer a greater freedom in how they play the music. Aleatory music is basically that has a random nature. It gives the performer a greater freedom in how they play the music. An example of this is John Cage’s Imaginary Landscape No. 4 in which he has 12 radios all tuned to different stations – thus every time this piece is played or recorded it is going to sound different. An example of this is John Cage’s Imaginary Landscape No. 4 in which he has 12 radios all tuned to different stations – thus every time this piece is played or recorded it is going to sound different. Cage’s Another piece is Stockhausen’s Piano Piece XI which consists of 19 sections which the performer can play in any order. Another piece is Stockhausen’s Piano Piece XI which consists of 19 sections which the performer can play in any order.Stockhausen’s

During the Romantic Period the nationalist music movement was mainly contained to Europe, however in the 20 th century nationalistic music spread to the Americas as more countries began performing classical music. During the Romantic Period the nationalist music movement was mainly contained to Europe, however in the 20 th century nationalistic music spread to the Americas as more countries began performing classical music. Parts of Europe where the classical music scene had not been as prominent were gaining importance and also finding their national voice. Parts of Europe where the classical music scene had not been as prominent were gaining importance and also finding their national voice. We will look at composers from the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, and Spain We will look at composers from the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, and Spain

Aaron Copland Aaron Copland Aaron Copland Aaron Copland Charles Ives Charles IvesIves William Grant Still William Grant StillStill American composers found their voice from the various immigrant cultures, pulling ideas from African American, Native American, Hispanic, and European cultures. American composers found their voice from the various immigrant cultures, pulling ideas from African American, Native American, Hispanic, and European cultures.

Heitor Villa-Lobos Heitor Villa-LobosVilla-Lobos “The most signification Latin American composer to date.” “The most signification Latin American composer to date.” He is well known for writing many important works for classical guitar. He is well known for writing many important works for classical guitar.guitar

Joaquin Rodrigo Joaquin RodrigoRodrigo Joaquin Turina Joaquin TurinaTurina Manuel de Falla Manuel de Falla

Jazz was a big influence on 20 th century composers. Composers who used jazz elements in their music were Ravel, Milhaud, Stravinsky, Walton, Copland, and most notably Gershwin. Jazz was a big influence on 20 th century composers. Composers who used jazz elements in their music were Ravel, Milhaud, Stravinsky, Walton, Copland, and most notably Gershwin.MilhaudGershwinMilhaudGershwin From the book History of Music From the book History of Music “ a fresh vitality in rhythm, often relying on strong syncopations; syncopated melodies above a steady beat; ‘blue notes’ – flattening certain notes of the scale such as the 3 rd or 7 th ; muted brass effects; a keener interest in percussive sounds; and instruments playing in shrill registers.” “ a fresh vitality in rhythm, often relying on strong syncopations; syncopated melodies above a steady beat; ‘blue notes’ – flattening certain notes of the scale such as the 3 rd or 7 th ; muted brass effects; a keener interest in percussive sounds; and instruments playing in shrill registers.” An American In Paris An American In Paris An American In Paris An American In Paris

AtonalMinimalism PolytonalityNationalism SprechgesangNeoclassicism SerialismMusique Concrete AleatoryTone Cluster PointilismPolytonality Expressionism Impressionism Dissonance 12 Tone Series IGCSE Students – Your homework is to put these words and their definitions on Quizlet. This is due next Tuesday, November 17 th. Use this power point and the internet to help define these words.