Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion (Saratoga Campaign) 1777- British Goal is to capture Hudson River Valley & sever New England (hot point of revolution) from the rest of the colonies. British Gen. Burgoyne- would march from Lake Champlain (Canada) to Albany; delayed by Colonial leader Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain- had to return to Canada & start later. Gen. Howe- from NYC up the Hudson River (if needed) to meet Burgoyne in Albany Col. St. Leger- would march from the west (by Lake Ontario) to Albany Results: Burgoyne delayed…later fights at Saratoga Howe goes the wrong way…to Philly rebel capital. St. Leger defeated at Orskany, NY & retreats.

The Planned Invasion 1777

Philadelphia Gen. Washington- transferred his army to Philly—Continental Congress met there. Washington was defeated at Brandywine Creek (Sept. 11, 1777) & Battle of Germantown (Oct. 4, 1777) = Continental Army forced out of Pennsylvania = Continental Congress had to evacuate too!!

Washington’s Army Survives Winter of 1777-1778 Washington & Continental Army went to Valley Forge for the winter for rest & resupply—barely surviving (2,500 died from disease & cold). Washington’s Strategy Changes: Battles lost in NY & Penn. Taught Washington that a change in strategy was best: Smaller more frequent skirmishes with British. Avoid major battles that would endanger his whole army. As long as his army was intact, the war would continue no matter what cities the British captured. Baron Von Steuben- trained Washington’s men into a professional army.

BATTLE OF SARATOGA (Oct, 1777) Gen. Burgoyne- left alone at Saratoga Gen. Gates & Arnold (American Continentals) defeated Burgoyne & forced his surrender & 9,000 troops. Britain offers colonials “home rule”- Americans refused it! **Led to a military alliance (1778-Franco-American Alliance) with France providing soldiers, naval fleet and $$$$$. Fight until Britain defeated, guarantee AMERICAN independence, negotiate a “common end” 1779- Spain- war with GB 1780- Holland- war with GB

SURRENDER AT SARATOGA Surrender/saratoga

Ben Franklin Secures the help of France Summer 1776- Continental Congress developed Model Treaty. No political Connection with another country. No military connection with another country. Only commercial connection. December 1776, Ben Franklin became American diplomat to France to secure their help. * France welcomed Franklin like a “star” After defeat at Saratoga- Britain offered the American colonists “home rule” Ben Franklin went to France to secure help. **The Franco-American Alliance (Feb. 1778)- France offers army, navy and money help to American colonists; officially recognized America’s independence, will wage war with Britain until US got independence, US had to defend French possessions. A Colonial Rebellion turns into global war!!! ** BIG EFFECT OF AMERICAN VICTORY AT SARATOGA!!!

“Armed Neutrality” War in The North Ends Catherine the Great led weak maritime (sea) European nations against Britain PASSIVELY (Armed Neutrality) All of Europe “passively against England” WORLD WAR!! Spain & & Holland join war against Britain also--FOUGHT IN SOUTH AMERICA, CARRIBBEAN, ASIA too. ** GB had to deploy troops around the world—so they were handicapped in North America! War in The North Ends June 1774-Battle of Monmouth, NJ (last battle of war in North) Gen. Clinton replaces Howe as commander-in-chief of British army in states Fight was a draw- Clinton escapes to NYC

War in the West West of the Appalachian Mountains and along the border of Quebec, the war was an “Indian War”. 13,000 Indians fought on the British side. Both Americans & England attempted to get Indians to side with them. Joseph Brant- Chief of Mohawks got the (Seneca's, Onondaga’s, Cayuga’s) of the Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) to support England- attacked frontier settlers in Penn. & NY until 1779. Some Mohawk tribes sided with British---some with Americans. Many Tuscarora & Oneida sided with Americans Cherokee convinced to join British cause also Loyalists & Indians led attacks against American colonists in NY, Penn. & Kentucky. In the South, Creek & Seminoles sided with British in Georgia & SC War in The Ohio River Valley George Rogers Clark Tried to neutralize British influence in Ohio territory. Captured British cities Kaskaskia & Vincennes Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) 1st treaty between United States & Indians Indians (Six Nations) ceded most of their land * Most Indians denied the right of “leaders” who signed it.

The French ENTER the War Summer 1780- French send army of 6,000 regular troops commanded by Comte de Rochambeau– Newport, R.I. Americans at first suspicious 1780- Benedict Arnold turned traitor- plotted to sale West Point for 6,300 POUNDS & officer’s commission.

Britain’s “Southern Strategy" Phase 3 OF the War Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside. Intense fighting between American Patriots & Loyalists! Campaigns from Virginia to SC to Georgia. Georgia was Overrun in 1778-1779

Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781] Charleston captured In 1780 by Cornwallis 1781- Battle of Camden– DEFEAT for Colonials Horatio Gates removed from command of US forces Nathaniel Greene- takes command & leads victory Greene & Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”

Map-yorktown Battle of Yorktown British General Charles Cornwallis wanted to winter his troops in the South believing the war would be won in the Spring….. Yorktown was chosen because it provided easy access to be reinforced and re-supplied General Washington learned of the British decision to winter their main troops in Yorktown.

15,000 American and French troops surrounded 8,000 British troops…… Battle of Yorktown Strategy included the use of the French navy, French troops and American troops. French navy under the direction of Admiral de Grasse, placed a blockade around the Chesapeake Bay. 15,000 American and French troops surrounded 8,000 British troops…… General Cornwallis is trapped and is forced to his surrender his troops to Washington Brings war to an end

The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at YorktowN “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris USA

Treaty of Paris

Blacks in war

Blacks in war