First Nations Rights Chapter 7 Horizons Social Studies 10 1

Quiz # 3 Name _________________ 2 1.Which country colonized the most territory by 1910? 2.What is the rivalry between Britain and Germany also known as? 3.The South African War is also known as the ________ War. 4.A suffragist fights for the right to _____. 5.Nellie ________ is the most famous suffragist and she was from the province of ________. 6.Which prairie city is the largest city in the west at the turn of the century? 7.Name 3 Asian countries immigrants of BC came from. 8.Sifton loved immigrants from eastern Europe because ______________________. 9.These 2 provinces were created in 1905? 10.What was Humiliation Day? 11.The Komagata Maru had immigrants from which country? 12.The WCTU fought for _________ which is the banning of the sale and consumption of alcohol. /16

Quiz # 3 - Answers Name _________________ 3 1./1 Which country colonized the most territory by 1910? Britain 2./1 What is the rivalry between Britain and Germany also known as? Naval Race 3./1 The South African War is also known as the ________ War. Boer 4./1 A suffragist fights for the right to _____. Vote 5./2 Nellie ________ is the most famous suffragist and she was from the province of ________. McCLung ; raised in Manitoba or worked in Alberta 6./1 Which prairie city is the largest city in the west at the turn of the century? Winnipeg 7./3 Name 3 Asian countries immigrants of BC came from. India, Japan and China 8./1 Sifton loved immigrants from eastern Europe because ______________________. they had great farming skills; could live in the harsh conditions etc. 9./2 These 2 provinces were created in 1905? Alberta, Saskatchewan 10./1 What was Humiliation Day? The day the government made a law to stop all Asians from entering Canada; July 1, /1 The Komagata Maru had immigrants from which country? India 12./1 The WCTU fought for _________ which is the banning of the sale and consumption of alcohol. prohibition /16

1/5/2016Socials 10 4 At the turn of the century, most Canadian women had very hard lives with families of ten to twelve children were common The risk of death or disability during childbirth was high Many women could not go to university because they could not leave the house Women were barred from many professions and not eligible for university scholarships Women’s suffrage – THE RIGHT TO VOTE came in the Laurier Era. Many were members of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to promote prohibition Most success of the movement was seen on the prairies – suffered the hardships with men. Prairies were the first to grant the vote to women  Nellie McClung In BC, the movement began in 1871 but women only gained the right to vote in 1917 with the Federal Vote coming in 1918 Review From Last Day Review From Last Day

Assimilation Canadian government wanted to ignore the promises made in the Royal Proclamation Act of Federal Government wanted to use First Nations land for sale to Europeans, for European farmers, and for the CPR Saw no future in having traditional First Nations culture 5

6 The goals of the federal government: was to assimilate FNs into Canadian society. free up land for settlement by signing treaties. ▫Royal Proclamation of 1763 – recognized FNs as “Nations or Tribes” under the direct protection of Britain and gave them title ▫How do you assimilate the FNs? remove children from their homes and teach them the ‘English way’ in school (ie. residential schools) (1876). Sign treaties with the FNs to control their land and then force them to live on reserves (1876). Ban FNs cultural practices such as the potlatch and Sundance (1884).

7 Reserves and the Indian Act After treaties transferred most of the Aboriginal lands to the Canadian government, FN populations were granted reserve lands  small pieces of land set aside for FNs where other people could not settle, hunt, or fish. The government had intended that the reserves be used to promote and develop an agricultural way of life (ie. farming). Problem!! 1. reserve land was not suitable for agriculture, 2. little money was given for farming, and 3. FN were left out of the treaty process.

8 The Indian Act was designed to assimilate FN into European culture. Control was handed over to Indian Agents to see this through – they were made responsible for education, justice, language and travel outside reserves. FN could have Canadian citizenship and vote, only if they gave up their Indian status – This is called enfranchisement. ▫For example, educated FN such as lawyers or doctors lost their Indian Status, but they could vote in elections. Rather than encourage economic self sufficiency, the Indian Act set up a repressive system. ▫For example, FNs needed an Indian Agent's permission to sell their agricultural produce, or even to leave their reserves.

Residential Schools By 1910, more than 60 government sanctioned and supported residential schools had been established. Over Aboriginal and Metis children were forced to attend these schools. Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions caused sickness and death for many children. More than 50% of the children died from living conditions, poor diet, or inadequate medical care. In 2008, many unmarked graves were found around the former schools which are a testament to the young lives that were lost. 9

Residential Schools Formalized assimilation to Canadian culture Manual, vocational, and religious instruction Strict rules Children forbidden to speak languages Harsh punishments and abuse in many schools Traumatic for parents and children Devastating impact on Native attempts to preserve culture for future generations 1955 Residential Schools Propaganda Video 10

Banning the Potlatch Potlatches were a cornerstone of First Nations culture A) Celebrate special occasions (births / marriage) B) Confirm power of chief C) Way to share wealth 1884 – Government changes Indian Act to ban potlatch ceremonies 1914 – Government begins to stricter enforcement 11

Truth and Reconciliation June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized to all Aboriginal peoples in Canada on behalf of the Canadian government. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) created in 2008 Goal was to give anyone affected by residential schools a chance to share their experiences and create historical record ryC74bbrEEhttps:// ryC74bbrEE 12

Restorative justice – a process that focuses on healing relations between the victims and the accused rather than finding fault. Chief Phil Fontaine and residential school survivor Mike Cachagee react to Harper’s apology 13

Recent News… June 2, 2015 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission releases its final report which declared Canada had committed “cultural genocide on First Nations children through residential schools news/canada/2015/06/0 2/canadas-residential- schools-cultural- genocide-truth-and- reconciliation- commission-says.htmlhttp:// news/canada/2015/06/0 2/canadas-residential- schools-cultural- genocide-truth-and- reconciliation- commission-says.html 14 “We have described for you a mountain. We have shown you a path to the top. We call upon you to do the climbing,” Justice Murray Sinclair, chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

First Nations in British Columbia BC was more remote, and saw a delay in European settlement First Nations held onto lands longer James Douglas recognized First Nations land title and negotiated treaties First Nations bands in BC pushed for aboriginal title – the concept that Native people have ownership of the land because they were the first to occupy it 15

McKenna McBride Commission Established to determine the size and location of reserves 1916 – recommended adding 136 square miles, and cutting 76 square miles of valuable land to sell to the public Cut-off lands: lands removed from First Nations reserves Government change Indian Act so that lands could be removed without consent Allied Tribes of BC rejected report; however, the government though this decision closed land claim issues 16

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Nisga’a Land Claim Took 90 years to resolve August 4, 1998 signed a treaty: ▫$200 million dollars ▫1930 km2 ▫Ownership of 18 reserves around land ▫Entitled to all resources on land ▫Make own laws (consistent with Charter of Rights and Freedoms) Asked for land treaty in Began process in 1907 Wanted three things: honour aboriginal title, give Nisga’a larger reserves, and compensation for land given away (as Europeans arrived in BC). 24

Nisga’a Land Claim Laurier encourage Nisga’a to take case to court. First treaty concluded in BC since – First Nations people granted suffrage After 1960’s First Nations right to self- government were granted and land issues began to be resolved 25

Further Thinking Question In your own words, express your opinion while answer the following question. 1.Are women, children, and minorities still treated as “less equal” in society today? Why or why not? Paragraph: 1.Land Issues are ongoing today between First Nations bands and the governments of BC and Canada. Will these land claims ever be settled? Why or why not? How will they be settled? Use any specific examples you can think of from modern or historic contexts. Your paragraph should be 6-10 sentences long. 26