CHAPTER 12 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Structure and Function External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanics of Breathing Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Following the Inhalation Process Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment Techniques Rate The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors Character Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals Sounds Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment Techniques (continued) Lung volume The amount of air that can be brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity Blood gases Studies measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Respiratory Capacity Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Anthrax Caused by spores of the bacterium Asthma attack May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion Atelectasis A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Bronchitis An infection of the bronchi Carbon monoxide poisoning Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Cold A respiratory infection Cystic fibrosis A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands Emphysema The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Hay fever A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food Lung cancer Directly linked to smoking and smoke products Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Pleural effusion A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity Pleurisy An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs Pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Respiratory distress syndrome A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly Sinusitis An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) A respiratory disorder of newborns Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Tuberculosis Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.