Chapter 6 Population and Development Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

What Is Unique About Kerala?Kerala

Kerala When Compared to India Life expectancy 71 years versus 61 for India Infant mortality 17/1000 versus 72/1000 for India Fertility rate 1.8 versus 3.3 for India

Kerala When Compared to India 95% literacy rate All villages in state have access to school and modern health services Women as well-educated as men

Population and Development Reassessing the demographic transition Promoting development A new direction: social modernization The Cairo conference

In Brief This Chapter Is About Improving the lives of people Reducing fertility rates Protecting the environment

Reassessing the Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated Both poverty and development are a threat to the health of the environment Improving women’s rights are foundational in achieving slower population growth

The Demographic Window Ratio of non-working ( 65) to working population = more workers and fewer mouths to feed.

Children As an Economic Asset

How the Work Gets Done in Developing Countries

Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries Old age security High infant and childhood mortality rates Children are considered an economic asset Importance of education for women minimized Low social status of women Low availability and/or use of contraceptives

Discuss Interrelationships of Factors Influencing Family Size Importance of education and children viewed as economic assets or liabilities Status of women and importance of education Income and old age security Cultural views on child-bearing Contraceptive use and availability

The Poverty Cycle

Promoting Development Good and bad news Millennium Development Goals World agencies at work The debt crisis Development aid

“Massive poverty and obscene inequality are such terrible scourges of our times— times in which the world boasts breath- taking advances in science, technology, industry and wealth accumulation—that they have to rank alongside slavery and apartheid in social evils.” Nelson Mandela, 2005

Contraceptives Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms Chemical: the pill, Norplant Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global Comparison

Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality

Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2) Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Forge a global partnership for development

5.9 million children under age five died in 2015, every day. Globally, under-five mortality rate has decreased by 53%, from an estimated rate of 91 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births in 2015.

World Agencies At Work: The World BankThe World Bank Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals Environmental strategy: Making sustainable commitments

World Bank IBRD: international bank for reconstruction and development. IDA: international development assoc. IFC international finance corp.

World Agencies At Work: The World Bank No increased GNP Increased absolute poverty Large-scale decentralized projects: hydroelectric dams Large cattle operations Cash crops

World Bank Reform Improving the quality of life Improving the quality of growth Improving the quality of the regional and global commons

The Debt Crisis $2.8 trillion in 2005 (Figure 6-10) The typical credit-debt trap Creditor countries primary beneficiaries

Coping with the Debt Crisis Grow cash crops Develop austerity measures Exploit natural resources

A New Direction: Social Modernization Improving education Improving health AIDS Family planning Employment and income Resource management

Education in Developing Countries

The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Impacts of AIDS Epidemic 90% of all HIV-infected people (40 million by 2006) live in developing countries Life expectancy in Botswana was 61 years in 1980 – now 34 years One million elementary students lost teachers 2.5 million AIDS orphans in developing world by 2010

Family Planning Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, spacing children, pregnancy avoidance Supplying contraceptives Pre- and postnatal care

Founder of Grameen BankGrameen Bank Muhammad Yunus: Economics professor in Bangladesh Microlending model duplicated by over 100 countries Recipient of 2006 Nobel Peace Prize

Employment and Income: Grameen Bank Loans (Microlending) Primarily to women Does not upset existing social structure Utilize local resources Utilize central work places Helps develop self-reliance

Resource Management Replant trees Prevent erosion Resource management educational programs

Putting It All Together: Social Modernization

The Cairo Conference All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly. Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action)

The 1994 ICPD Program of Action Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources Empowerment of women Emphasis on family

The 1994 ICPD Program of Action Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children Improve education opportunities for women Reduce population migrations International cooperation (0.7% GNP of developed world)

End of Chapter 6 PPT by Clark E. Adams