The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indians India part II 1500-500bce The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indians

Standard SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. Element a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka. e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas.

What happened to the Harappan civilization on the Indus River? Above: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro. Surrounding pics: various Harappan artifacts. String of beads, ca. 2600–1900 B.C.; Harappan. Indus Valley, Mohenjo-daro, DK 1541. Gold, vesuvianite or grossular garnet, agate, jasper, and steatite; L. 18 cm (7 1/8 in.). Mohenjo-daro Museum, Mohenjo-daro  MM 1367. Courtesy of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Ministry of Minorities, Culture, Sports, Tourism, and Youth Affairs, Government of Pakistan. Female figures with headdresses and jewelry, ca. 2600–1900 B.C.; Harappan. Indus Valley, Mohenjo-daro, DK 2384. Terracotta; H. 18.7 cm (7 3/8 in.); W. 9.5 cm (3 3/4 in.). National Museum, Karachi. This figure from Mohenjo-daro represents one of the main styles of female figures found in cities as well as smaller settlements throughout the Indus Valley region. The fan-shaped headdress originally had wide cup-shaped extensions on either side of the head, framed by braided tresses. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Theories about why the Indus Valley civilization ended around 1500 BCE The river may have changed course, natural disaster (caused by heavy monsoons) Harappan civilization broke down from within due to: The people may have overworked the land (overcutting trees, overgrazed, over farmed land depleting nutrients) Invaders (Aryans)                         Harappans abandoning their city. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

WRITING Indus Harappan script has not been deciphered. This means basic questions are still unanswered. Harappan script = Used 400 characters both phonetic and logographic on thousands of clay seals and copper tablets.

Culture Peaceful people? – few weapons found Religious objects and symbols clearly linked to Hinduism Debates about Hinduism beginning as a political structure brought in by the Aryans. Above: Terracotta household statues such as this female goddess are found frequently in the region.

Burials? Very few grave sites Not as many preserved luxury goods. Why? Possible cremations? What does this tell us about their society? What doesn’t this tell us about their society?

End of the Indus Valley Repeated Floods caused the course of the Indus River to shift away from the cities New cultural group called Aryans migrate/invade and merge with the Indus Valley peoples

Indo-Europeans (Aryans) Central Asian tribes Nomadic people Great warriors Domesticated the horse Early iron workers

Aryan (Indo European) Migration 1800BCE from Turkinistan through Kyber pass to India

Khyber Pass Only land route between middle east and India for trade and invasion Still important today – India and Pakistan both trying to control it

Aryan Political System Ruled by a king and local rulers Many City states Brought Horses and advanced weapons to India (conquered India) duty of the king was the protection of his subjects, property, defense and maintenance of peace culture spreads from the Indus to the Ganges River Spoke Sanskrit

Economy – Iron Age begins Small self-sufficient agricultural communities Iron Technology used for farm tools increased food production (rice) Weapons Barter system common

Religion Indian gods continue to be worshipped Aryans bring new gods and Scriptures called Vedas Combine to create Hinduism

Ayran/Hindu Social Structure Social Structure used by Aryans to control native Indians since warriors and priests are top Brahmins – warriors, priests Kshatriyas – rulers, warriors Vaishyas – farmers, merchants, artisans Sudras – laborers Dalits (untouchables) – unpleasant, polluted jobs; not directly owned by others. Strict segregation among castes. All based on the tribal concept of the Ayrans that people are NOT equal Done

Aryan/Vedic Civilization 1500-500BCE Hindu Vedic Philosophy oldest written texts in India Veda means “Knowledge” in Sanskrit. Vedas inform and guide Hindus like the Bible guides Christians and the Koran guides Muslims

Upanishads: literally means sitting in front of later Hindu Vedas (often poetic) that teach the metaphysical foundations of the Hindu faith Hare (ha-ray) Krishna’s war poem is the most important of the Upanishads

The Ancient Vedic Hymns Rig Veda - Knowledge of Hymns, almost 11,000 verses “There is only one truth, only men describe it in different ways.“ Ayur Veda - Knowledge of Medicine, over 100,000 verses Yajur Veda - Knowledge of Liturgy, 3,988 verses Sama Veda - Knowledge of Classical Music, 1,549 verses Upanishads Jyotisha – Astrology and Astronomy. Kalpa – Rituals and Legal matters. Siksha – Phonetics. Aitareya – Creation of the Universe, Man and Evolution. Kama Sutra - Knowledge of Love and Sex Chandogya – Reincarnation, Soul. Kaushitaki – Karma. Kena – Austerity, Work, and Restraint. Dharnur Veda – Science of Archery and War. Mundaka – Discipline, Faith and warning of Ignorance. Sulba Sutra – Knowledge of Mathematics Yoga Sutra - Knowledge of Meditation

Standard SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. Element a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka. e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas. List five facts that will help you remember this Element: